{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T15:01:32Z","timestamp":1776524492684,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6927","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1994,2,19]],"date-time":"1994-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":761616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,2,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    : To study the risk of gynaecomastia associated with cimetidine, misoprostol, omeprazole and ranitidine.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Open cohort study with nested case-control analysis.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Setting<\/jats:bold>\n                    : General practices in United Kingdom that had computerised offices, 1989-92.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Subjects<\/jats:bold>\n                    : 81 535 men aged 25-84 years who received at least one prescription for cimetidine, misoprostol, omeprazole, or ranitidine during the study period.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Main outcome measures<\/jats:bold>\n                    : New occurrences of idiopathic gynaecomastia diagnosed by general practitioner.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    : The relative risk of gynaecomastia for current users of cimetidine compared with non-users was 7.2 (95% confidence interval 4.5 to 11.3). Relative risks for misoprostol, omeprazole, and ranitidine were 2.0 (0.1 to 10.7), 0.6 (0.1 to 3.3), and 1.5 (0.8 to 2.6), respectively. Current users of cimetidine on a daily dose greater than equal to 1000 mg had more than 40 times the risk of developing gynaecomastia than non -users. The period of highest risk was seven to 12 months after starting cimetidine treatment. Spirono-lactone (relative risk 9.3 (3.3 to 26.1) and verapamil (9.7 (2.6 to 36.0)) were associated with a relative risk of gynaecomastia comparable to one for cimetidine.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Use of cimetidine, but not the three other antiulcer drugs, is associated with a substantially greater risk of gynaecomastia in men. A strong dose-response relation was present among cimetidine users.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6927.503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,27]],"date-time":"2011-10-27T19:20:09Z","timestamp":1319743209000},"page":"503-506","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Risk of gynaecomastia associated with cimetidine, omeprazole, and other antiulcer drugs"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"308","author":[{"given":"L A","family":"Garcia Rodriguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Jick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122309350687000_308.6927.503.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198010023031405","article-title":"Gynecomastia","volume":"303","author":"Carlson","year":"1980","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025122309350687000_308.6927.503.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-48-2-338"},{"key":"2025122309350687000_308.6927.503.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199302183280708"},{"key":"2025122309350687000_308.6927.503.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.20.2.154"},{"key":"2025122309350687000_308.6927.503.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198304143081508","article-title":"Cimetidine - induced impotence and breast changes in patients with gastric hypersecretory states","volume":"308","author":"Jensen","year":"1983","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025122309350687000_308.6927.503.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)91358-7","article-title":"Gynaecomastia with cimetidine","volume":"i","author":"Delle Fave","year":"1977","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025122309350687000_308.6927.503.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)90529-3","article-title":"Gynaecomastia and histamine-2 antagonists","volume":"ii","author":"Mignon","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025122309350687000_308.6927.503.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)91128-X","article-title":"Painful gynaecomastia with ranitidine","volume":"ii","author":"Tosti","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025122309350687000_308.6927.503.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199102283240916","article-title":"Gynaecomastia during omeprazole therapy","volume":"324","author":"Santucci","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025122309350687000_308.6927.503.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92018-W","article-title":"Painful gynaecomastia during omeprazole therapy","volume":"338","author":"Convens","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025122309350687000_308.6927.503.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.305.6851.451"},{"key":"2025122309350687000_308.6927.503.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.302.6779.766"},{"key":"2025122309350687000_308.6927.503.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.2630010607"},{"key":"2025122309350687000_308.6927.503.14","unstructured":"Payne CD ed.Generalized linear interactive system . Release 3.77.Oxford, United Kingdom: Royal Statistical Society,1986."},{"key":"2025122309350687000_308.6927.503.15","unstructured":"Walker AM ed.Observation and inference: an introduction to the methods of epidemiology.Newton, MA: Epidemiology Resources Inc,1991."},{"key":"2025122309350687000_308.6927.503.16","unstructured":"Rothman KJ ed.Interactions between causes.In: Modern epidemiology.Boston: Little, Brown,1986: 311\u201326."},{"key":"2025122309350687000_308.6927.503.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199209000-00012"},{"key":"2025122309350687000_308.6927.503.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198908033210501","article-title":"The effect of cimetidine on the oxidative metabolism of estradiol","volume":"321","author":"Galbraith","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025122309350687000_308.6927.503.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000139072","article-title":"Omeprazole fails to alter the cytochrome P450-dependent 2-hydroxylation of estradiol in male volunteers","volume":"47","author":"Galbraith","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pharmacology"}],"container-title":["BMJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/data.bmj.org\/tdm\/10.1136\/bmj.308.6927.503","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.308.6927.503","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T17:35:12Z","timestamp":1766511312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.308.6927.503"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,2,19]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6927","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,2,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,2,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmj.308.6927.503"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.308.6927.503","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-8138","1468-5833"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-8138","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-5833","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,2,19]]}}}