{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T11:05:37Z","timestamp":1789729537851,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6930","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1994,3,12]],"date-time":"1994-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":763430400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[1993,11,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,3,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    : To investigate the relation between skin test reactivity in children and number of siblings.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Cross sectional survey among school-children aged 9-11 years. Skin prick tests in the children and self completion of written questionnaire by their parents.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Subjects<\/jats:bold>\n                    : 5030 children in Munich and 2623 children in Leipzig and Halle, Germany.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Main outcome measures<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Atopic status assessed by skin prick tests.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    : After possible confounders were controlled for, the prevalence of atopic sensitisation decreased linearly with increasing number of siblings (odds ratio=0.96 for one sibling, 0.67 for five or more siblings; P=0.005). In atopic children the severity of the skin test reaction as assessed by the weal size was not associated with the number of siblings.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Factors directly or indirectly related to the number of siblings may decrease the susceptibility of children to become atopic. Thus, declining family size may in part contribute to the increased prevalence of atopic diseases reported in Western countries over the past few decades.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6930.692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,27]],"date-time":"2011-10-27T19:20:39Z","timestamp":1319743239000},"page":"692-695","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":345,"title":["Skin test reactivity and number of siblings"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"308","author":[{"given":"E","family":"von Mutius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F D","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Fritzsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Nicolai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Reitmeir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H-H","family":"Thiemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122309481187000_308.6930.692.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6710.1259"},{"key":"2025122309481187000_308.6930.692.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.305.6866.1395"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"2025122309481187000_308.6930.692.3","first-page":"7","article-title":"Epidemiological standardisation project.","volume":"118","author":"Ferris","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2025122309481187000_308.6930.692.4","first-page":"51","article-title":"[Comparing the multitest to a conventional skin prick test.","volume":"14","author":"Berbig","year":"1991","journal-title":"] Allergologie"},{"key":"2025122309481187000_308.6930.692.5","unstructured":"Breslow NE Day NE .Statistical methods in cancer research. Vol 1. The analysis of case control studies.Lyons: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1980: 192\u2013246. (IARC scientific publication No 32.)"},{"key":"2025122309481187000_308.6930.692.6","unstructured":"Rothman KJ .Modern epidemiology.Boston: Little, Brown, 1986: 327\u201349."},{"key":"2025122309481187000_308.6930.692.7","unstructured":"SPSS statistical algorithms.2nd ed, Chicago: SPSS Inc,1991."},{"key":"2025122309481187000_308.6930.692.8","unstructured":"von Mutius E Martinez FD Fritzsch C Nicolai T Reitmeir P Thiemann HH . Differences in the prevalence of asthma and atopic sensitization between East and West Germany. Am Rev Resp Dis (in press)."},{"key":"2025122309481187000_308.6930.692.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116434","article-title":"Maternal age as a risk factor for wheezing lower respiratory illnesses in the first year of life.","volume":"136","author":"Martinez","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025122309481187000_308.6930.692.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000236199"},{"key":"2025122309481187000_308.6930.692.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.149.9.2977","article-title":"IL-4 and IFNs exert opposite regulatory effects on the development of cytolytic potential by TH1 or TH2 human T cell clones.","volume":"149","author":"Parronchi","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2025122309481187000_308.6930.692.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.148.7.2142","article-title":"Reciprocal regulatory effects of IFN-gamma and IL-4 on the in vitro development of human TH1 and TH2 clones.","volume":"148","author":"Maggi","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2025122309481187000_308.6930.692.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1159\/000243895","article-title":"Sialic acid level in maternal and neonatal lymphocytes and sera correlated to birth order and sex of the neonate.","volume":"62","author":"Komlos","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"key":"2025122309481187000_308.6930.692.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.119.2.614","article-title":"Humoral immunostimulation. 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Results of a representative demographic survey with consideration of other allergic disorders.","volume":"116","author":"Wuthrich","year":"1986","journal-title":"] Schweiz Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"2025122309481187000_308.6930.692.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)92805-8","article-title":"Changes in the reported prevalence of childhood eczema since the 1939\u201345 war.","volume":"i","author":"Taylor","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["BMJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/data.bmj.org\/tdm\/10.1136\/bmj.308.6930.692","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.308.6930.692","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T17:48:20Z","timestamp":1766512100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.308.6930.692"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,3,12]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6930","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,3,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,3,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmj.308.6930.692"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.308.6930.692","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-8138","1468-5833"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-8138","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-5833","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,3,12]]}}}