{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T20:31:46Z","timestamp":1774125106226,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6985","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,4,15]],"date-time":"1995-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":797904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[1995,1,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,4,15]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:bold>\n : To examine factors responsible for the recent increase in tuberculosis in England and Wales.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Design<\/jats:bold>\n : Study of the incidence of tuberculosis (a) in the 403 local authority districts in England and Wales, ranked according to Jarman score, and (b) in one deprived inner city district, according to ethnic origin and other factors.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Setting<\/jats:bold>\n : (a) England and Wales 1980-92, and (b) the London borough of Hackney 1986-93.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Main outcome measure<\/jats:bold>\n : Age and sex adjusted rate of tuberculosis.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Results<\/jats:bold>\n : In England and Wales notifications of tuberculosis increased by 12% between 1988 and 1992. The increase was 35% in the poorest 10th of the population and 13% in the next two; and in the remaining 70% there was no increase. In Hackney the increase affected traditionally high risk and low risk ethnic groups to a similar extent. In the \u201clow risk\u201d white and West Indian communities the incidence increased by 58% from 1986-8 (78 cases) to 1991-3 (123), whereas in residents of Indian subcontinent origin the increase was 41% (from 51 cases to 72). Tuberculosis in recently arrived immigrants\u2014refugees (11% of the Hackney population) and Africans (6%)\u2014accounted for less than half of the overall increase, and the proportion of such residents was much higher than in most socioeconomically deprived districts. The local increase was not due to an increase in the proportion of cases notified, to HIV infection, nor to an increase in homeless people.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\n : The national rise in tuberculosis affects only the poorest areas. Within one such area all residents (white and established ethnic minorities) were affected to a similar extent. The evidence indicates a major role for socioeconomic factors in the increase in tuberculosis and only a minor role for recent immigration from endemic areas.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n \n \n Key messages<\/jats:title>\n \n \n Key messages<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n The increase affected only the poorer areas; in the poorest 10th of the population it was 35%<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Data from one such area suggest that the increase affected white people, West Indians, and residents of Indian subcontinent origin to a similar extent; the recent entry of refugees was likely to be only a minor factor in the national increase in tuberculosis<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Socioeconomic factors affecting all residents are likely to be predominantly responsible for the increase in tuberculosis\u2014not factors specific to high risk ethnic minority groups<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:sec>\n <\/jats:boxed-text>\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6985.967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,27]],"date-time":"2011-10-27T19:34:08Z","timestamp":1319744048000},"page":"967-969","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Increasing incidence of tuberculosis in England and Wales: a study of the likely causes"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"310","author":[{"given":"N","family":"Bhatti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M R","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J K","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Halliday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Moore-Gillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122510045526000_310.6985.967.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.306.6872.221","article-title":"Tuberculosis in Britain today.","volume":"306","author":"Watson","year":"1993","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025122510045526000_310.6985.967.2","unstructured":"Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre . Communicable disease statistics, England and Wales, 1992. London: HMSO, 1994."},{"key":"2025122510045526000_310.6985.967.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.305.6865.1344","article-title":"Public health in inner London.","volume":"305","author":"Jacobson","year":"1992","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025122510045526000_310.6985.967.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.286.6379.1705","article-title":"Identification of underprivileged areas.","volume":"286","author":"Jarman","year":"1983","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025122510045526000_310.6985.967.5","unstructured":"Awaih J . Refugees and their health needs. In: Health in the city and Hackney. Annual public health report. London: Department of Public Health, City and Hackney District Health Authority, 1992: 24\u20137."},{"key":"2025122510045526000_310.6985.967.6","first-page":"13","article-title":"Notifications of tuberculosis in England and Wales, 1982\u20131989.","volume":"1","author":"Watson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev"},{"key":"2025122510045526000_310.6985.967.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.307.6907.759","article-title":"Tuberculosis and poverty.","volume":"307","author":"Spence","year":"1993","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025122510045526000_310.6985.967.8","unstructured":"Jenkins SP . Winners and losers: a portrait of the UK income distribution during the 1980s. Swansea: Department of Economics, University College of Swansea, 1994. (Discussion paper series No 94\u201307.)"},{"key":"2025122510045526000_310.6985.967.9","unstructured":"Planning Unit, Department of Health (Republic of Ireland) . Health statistics, 1992. Dublin: Government Stationery Office, 1994."}],"container-title":["BMJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/data.bmj.org\/tdm\/10.1136\/bmj.310.6985.967","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.310.6985.967","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T18:05:03Z","timestamp":1766685903000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.310.6985.967"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,4,15]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6985","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,4,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,4,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmj.310.6985.967"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.310.6985.967","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-8138","1468-5833"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-8138","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-5833","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,4,15]]}}}