{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T05:20:12Z","timestamp":1791091212557,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6986","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,4,22]],"date-time":"1995-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":798508800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[1995,2,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,4,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    : To determine the incidence of acute symptomatic toxoplasma retinochoroiditis presenting to ophthalmologists for patients born in Britain and elsewhere.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Population based, cross sectional study.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Setting<\/jats:bold>\n                    : 11 districts in south Greater London.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Subjects<\/jats:bold>\n                    : All patients presenting to NHS ophthalmologists with symptoms due to acute toxoplasma retinochoroiditis in 1992-3.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Main outcome measure<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Intraocular inflammation in association with a retinochoroidal scar, active adjoining retinitis, and IgG serum antibodies to toxoplasma.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    : The estimated incidence of acute symptomatic retinochoroiditis for all people born in Britain was 0.4\/100 000\/year and for black people born in west Africa 57\/100 000\/year. If a mean of two symptomatic episodes per lifetime is assumed, 100 people born in Britain may be affected each year, about a fifth of the estimated 500-600 congenitally infected people born each year.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\n                    : A substantial proportion of people with acute symptomatic toxoplasma retinochoroiditis were born outside the country, and the number born in Britain was smaller than the number previously estimated to develop retinochoroidal lesions due to congenital toxoplasmosis. These findings suggest that prenatal screening for toxoplasmosis in Britain may be of limited benefit.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:boxed-text position=\"float\">\n                      <jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Key messages<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                          <jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:p>Key messages<\/jats:p>\n                          <\/jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:p>Prevention of toxoplasma retinochoroiditis is considered to be a major benefit of prenatal screening as previous studies have suggested that 80% of congenitally infected children would eventually develop retinochoroiditis<\/jats:p>\n                          <\/jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:p>This report shows that the incidence of symptomatic toxoplasma retinochoroiditis is nearly 100 times higher in black people born in west Africa than in subjects born in Britain<\/jats:p>\n                          <\/jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:p>In subjects born in Britain acute symptomatic toxoplasma retinochoroiditis is much less common than expected, affecting about one fifth of the estimated number of congenitally infected people<\/jats:p>\n                          <\/jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:p>These findings suggest that the potential benefits of prenatal screening for toxoplasma infection in Britain are limited<\/jats:p>\n                          <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <\/jats:list>\n                      <\/jats:sec>\n                    <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6986.1037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,27]],"date-time":"2011-10-27T19:34:07Z","timestamp":1319744047000},"page":"1037-1040","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Incidence of acute symptomatic toxoplasma retinochoroiditis in south London according to country of birth"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"310","author":[{"given":"R E","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M R","family":"Stanford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R E","family":"Holliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M D","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122510065714000_310.6986.1037.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02306486"},{"key":"2025122510065714000_310.6986.1037.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.66.5.767","article-title":"Development of adverse sequelae in children born with subclinical congenital toxoplasma infection.","volume":"66","author":"Wilson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025122510065714000_310.6986.1037.3","unstructured":"Courvreur J Desmonts G . Acquired and congenital toxoplasmosis. In: Harris AA ed. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol 8(52). Microbial disease. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1988: 351\u201363."},{"key":"2025122510065714000_310.6986.1037.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.77.6.371"},{"key":"2025122510065714000_310.6986.1037.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.51.9.617"},{"key":"2025122510065714000_310.6986.1037.6","unstructured":"Remington JS Desmonts G . Toxoplasmosis. In: Remington JS Klein JO eds. Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1990: 89\u2013195."},{"key":"2025122510065714000_310.6986.1037.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.57.1.1"},{"key":"2025122510065714000_310.6986.1037.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1969.00990010483005"},{"key":"2025122510065714000_310.6986.1037.9","unstructured":"Multidisciplinary working group . Prenatal screening for toxoplasmosis in the UK. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 1992."},{"key":"2025122510065714000_310.6986.1037.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-0786(90)90031-I","article-title":"Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis.","volume":"4","author":"Holliman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Serodiagnosis and Immunotherapy in Infectious Disease"},{"key":"2025122510065714000_310.6986.1037.11","unstructured":"Office of Populations Censuses and Surveys . 1991 census. Ethnic group and country of birth. Great Britain. Vol 1. London: OPCS, 1994:214."},{"key":"2025122510065714000_310.6986.1037.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(81)90773-8"},{"key":"2025122510065714000_310.6986.1037.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3506(88)80078-7"},{"key":"2025122510065714000_310.6986.1037.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800049839","article-title":"Methods for estimating the incidence of primary infection in pregnancy: a reappraisal of toxoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus data.","volume":"108","author":"Ades","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2025122510065714000_310.6986.1037.15","unstructured":"Chatterton JMW . Pregnancy. In: Ho-Yen DO Joss AWL eds. Human toxoplasmosis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992: 144\u201383."},{"key":"2025122510065714000_310.6986.1037.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(83)90378-1","article-title":"Clindamycin in the treatment of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis.","volume":"95","author":"Lakhanpal","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025122510065714000_310.6986.1037.17","unstructured":"Ho-Yen DO . Clinical features. In: Ho-Yen Do Joss AWL eds. Human toxoplasmosis. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1992: 56\u201378."},{"key":"2025122510065714000_310.6986.1037.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3506(05)80488-3"},{"key":"2025122510065714000_310.6986.1037.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)90444-8","article-title":"Medical audit of the investigation of toxoplasmosis associated with pregnancy.","volume":"340","author":"Hartup","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025122510065714000_310.6986.1037.20","unstructured":"Desmonts G Couvreur J . Congenital toxoplasmosis. A prospective study of the offspring of 542 women who acquired toxoplasmosis during pregnancy. Pathophysiology of congenital disease. In: Thalhammer O Baumgarten K Pollak A eds. Perinatal medicine. Sixth European Congress. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme, 1979: 51\u201360."},{"key":"2025122510065714000_310.6986.1037.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199406303302604"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"2025122510065714000_310.6986.1037.22","first-page":"84","article-title":"Twenty-two years screening for toxoplasmosis in pregnancy: Liege, Belgium.","volume":"84","author":"Thoumsin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025122510065714000_310.6986.1037.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02306489"},{"key":"2025122510065714000_310.6986.1037.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197405162902003","article-title":"Congenital toxoplasmosis. A prospective study of 378 pregnancies.","volume":"290","author":"Desmonts","year":"1974","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025122510065714000_310.6986.1037.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.305.6848.291","article-title":"Congenital toxoplasmosis.","volume":"305","author":"Hall","year":"1992","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025122510065714000_310.6986.1037.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000079373","article-title":"Modelling toxoplasma incidence from longitudinal seroprevalence in Stockholm, Sweden.","volume":"107","author":"Nokes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2025122510065714000_310.6986.1037.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116758","article-title":"Modelling age and time specific incidence from seroprevalence: toxoplasmosis.","volume":"137","author":"Ades","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025122510065714000_310.6986.1037.28","unstructured":"Ades AE Nokes DJ . Piece-wise constant models to estimate age- and time-specific incidence of toxoplasmosis from age- and time-specific seroprevalence data. In: Medley G Isham V eds. Epidemic models workshop on infectious human diseases. 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