{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T20:01:03Z","timestamp":1789848063122,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7000","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,7,29]],"date-time":"1995-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":806976000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[1995,5,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,7,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    : To investigate the risk factors for HIV infection in patients attending clinics for sexually transmitted diseases in India.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Descriptive study of HIV serology, risk behaviour, and findings on physical examination.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Subjects<\/jats:bold>\n                    : 2800 patients presenting to outpatient clinics between 13 May 1993 and 15 July 1994.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Setting<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Two clinics and the National AIDS Research Institute, in Pune, Maharashtra State, India.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Main outcome measure<\/jats:bold>\n                    : HIV status, presence of sexually transmitted diseases, and sexual behaviour.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    : The overall proportion of patients infected with HIV was 23.4% (655\/2800); 34% (184) of the women and 21% (459) of the men were positive for HIV infection. Of the 560 women screened, 338 (60%) had a reported history of sex working, of whom 153 (45%) were infected with HIV-1. The prevalence of HIV-1 infection in the 222 women who were not sex workers was 14%. The significant independent characteristics associated with HIV infection based on a logistic regression analysis included being a female sex worker, sexual contact with a sex worker, lack of formal education, receptive anal sex in the previous three months, lack of condom use in the previous three months, current or previous genital ulcer or genital discharge, and a positive result of a Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\n                    : In India the prevalence of HIV infection is alarmingly high among female sex workers and men attending clinics for sexually transmitted diseases, particularly in those who had recently had contact with sex workers. A high prevalence of HIV infection was also found in monogamous, married women presenting to the clinics who denied any history of sex working. The HIV epidemic in India is primarily due to heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 and, as in other countries, HIV infection is associated with ulcerative and non-ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7000.283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,27]],"date-time":"2011-10-27T19:35:59Z","timestamp":1319744159000},"page":"283-286","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Risk factors for HIV infection in people attending clinics for sexually transmitted diseases in India"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"311","author":[{"given":"Jeanette J","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay M","family":"Mehendale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary E","family":"Shepherd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anand D","family":"Divekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raman R","family":"Gangakhedkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas C","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramesh S","family":"Paranjape","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun R","family":"Risbud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald S","family":"Brookmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak A","family":"Gadkari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjusha R","family":"Gokhale,","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne M","family":"Rompalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shridhar G","family":"Deshpande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M M","family":"Khalandkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nita","family":"Mawar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert C","family":"Bollinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122108093276000_311.7000.283.1","first-page":"335","article-title":"Evidence for HTLV-III infection in prostitutes in Tamil Nadu (India).","volume":"85","author":"Simoes","year":"1987","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2025122108093276000_311.7000.283.2","unstructured":"Tripathy S Bannerjee K Rodrigues J .Increasing HIV infection in western India. IXth International Conference on AIDS. Berlin,1993. (Abstract No PO CO8\u20132764.)"},{"key":"2025122108093276000_311.7000.283.3","unstructured":"Hasmukh S Gilada IS .Sharma R, Katkar K. Progression of seroprevalence among attendees of STD clinics in central Bombay\u2014a study over 6 years. VIIIth International Conference on AIDS. Amsterdam,1992. (Abstract No PoC 4306.)"},{"key":"2025122108093276000_311.7000.283.4","unstructured":"Bhave GG Wagle UD Tripathy SP .HIV sero-surveillance in promiscuous females of Bombay, India. VIth International Conference on AIDS. San Francisco,1990. (Abstract No FC 612.)"},{"key":"2025122108093276000_311.7000.283.5","unstructured":"United States Bureau of the Census .Overview of HIV trends and patterns in India. Washington, DC: HIV\/AIDS Surveillance Data Base, Health Studies Branch, International Programs Center, Populations Division,1993."},{"key":"2025122108093276000_311.7000.283.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199503000-00005"},{"key":"2025122108093276000_311.7000.283.7","first-page":"1185","article-title":"A review of human immunodeficiency virus infection in India.","volume":"7","author":"Jain","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Synd"},{"key":"2025122108093276000_311.7000.283.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199219020-00001"},{"key":"2025122108093276000_311.7000.283.9","unstructured":"Jacob M .STD's among HIV seropositive patients of a referral hospital in India and their role in transmission of HIV. VIIIth International Conference on AIDS. Amsterdam,1992. (Abstract No PoC 4334.)"},{"key":"2025122108093276000_311.7000.283.10","unstructured":"Maniar JK Desai V .Genital ulcer and HIV status correlation in Bombay, India. VIIIth International Conference on AIDS. Amsterdam,1992. (Abstract No PoB 3513.)"},{"key":"2025122108093276000_311.7000.283.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1177\/095646249000100610","article-title":"Syphilis serology and human immunodeficiency virus positivity in Chandigarh.","volume":"1","author":"Kumar","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"2025122108093276000_311.7000.283.12","first-page":"332","article-title":"Seroprevalence of HIV antibodies, Australia antigen and VDRL reactivity in Himachal Pradesh.","volume":"45","author":"Thakur","year":"1991","journal-title":"Indian J Med Sci"},{"key":"2025122108093276000_311.7000.283.13","first-page":"38","article-title":"Seroprevalence of HIV infection in Himachal Pradesh.","volume":"23","author":"Thakur","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"key":"2025122108093276000_311.7000.283.14","first-page":"213","article-title":"HIV-2 antibodies in serum samples for Maharashtra state.","volume":"95","author":"Kulkarni","year":"1992","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2025122108093276000_311.7000.283.15","first-page":"972","article-title":"HIV-1 and HIV-2 infectious in a high-risk population in Bombay, India: evidence for the spread of HIV-2 and present of divergent HIV-1 subtype.","volume":"5","author":"Pfutzner","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAIDS"},{"key":"2025122108093276000_311.7000.283.16","unstructured":"Joshi SH Patil RS Chipkar SS Apte SV .Sero-prevalence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection in western India. VIIIth International Conference on AIDS. Amsterdam,1992. (Abstract No PuC 8110.)"},{"key":"2025122108093276000_311.7000.283.17","unstructured":"Bhave GG Wagle UD Desai S Mandel J Hearst N .HIV-2 prevalence in prostitutes of Bombay. VIIIth International Conference on AIDS. Amsterdam,1992. (Abstract No PoC 4623.)"}],"container-title":["BMJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/data.bmj.org\/tdm\/10.1136\/bmj.311.7000.283","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.311.7000.283","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T16:09:38Z","timestamp":1766333378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.311.7000.283"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,7,29]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7000","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,7,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,7,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmj.311.7000.283"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.311.7000.283","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-8138","1468-5833"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-8138","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-5833","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,7,29]]}}}