{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:13:53Z","timestamp":1791900833084,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7036","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,4,13]],"date-time":"1996-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":829353600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[1996,1,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,4,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objectives<\/jats:bold>\n                    : To assess the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to common forms of osteoarthritis of the hands and knees.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Classic twin study with unselected twins who were screened radiologically for osteoarthritis.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Subjects<\/jats:bold>\n                    : 130 identical and 120 non-identical female twins aged 48-70 recruited from a London based twin register and through a national media campaign.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Main outcome measures<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Similarity in identical compared with non-identical twin pairs for radiographic changes at the interphalangeal and first carpometacarpal joints of the hands and the tibiofemoral joint and patellofemoral joint of the knee expressed as intraclass correlations.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    : The intraclass correlations of radiographic osteophytes and narrowing at most sites and the presence of Heberden's nodes and knee pain were higher in the identical pairs. The intraclass correlation of the total radiographic osteoarthritis score in identical pairs (rMZ) was 0.64 (SE 0.05) compared with 0.38 (0.08) in non-identical pairs. The proportion of genetic variance of total osteoarthritis score (osteophytes and narrowing) with modelling techniques was estimated at 0.54 (95% confidence interval 0.43 to 0.65) and ranged from 0.39 to 0.65 for different sites and features (P&lt;0.001) after adjustment for age and weight.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\n                    : These results demonstrate for the first time a clear genetic effect for radiographic osteoarthritis of the hand and knee in women, with a genetic influence ranging from 39-65%, independent of known environmental or demographic confounders. The results of this study should lead to further work on isolating the gene or genes involved in the pathogenesis of this common disabling disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:boxed-text position=\"float\">\n                      <jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Key messages<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                          <jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:p>Key messages<\/jats:p>\n                          <\/jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:p>Although environmental factors have traditionally been thought to be the main influences, there are few data to support this<\/jats:p>\n                          <\/jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:p>Between 39% and 65% of osteoarthritis in the general population can be attributed to genetic factors<\/jats:p>\n                          <\/jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:p>Identification of the genes concerned could have a large impact on the disease in terms of prevention and new therapeutic approaches<\/jats:p>\n                          <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <\/jats:list>\n                      <\/jats:sec>\n                    <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7036.940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,31]],"date-time":"2011-10-31T15:19:56Z","timestamp":1320074396000},"page":"940-943","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":546,"title":["Genetic influences on osteoarthritis in women: a twin study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"312","author":[{"given":"Tim D","family":"Spector","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Cicuttini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliet","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Loughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122309110776000_312.7036.940.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.51.10.1105","article-title":"How serious is knee osteoarthritis?","volume":"51","author":"Spector","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025122309110776000_312.7036.940.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pu.09.050188.002115","article-title":"Epidemiology of chronic musculoskeletal disorders.","volume":"9","author":"Kelsey","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Rev Public Health"},{"key":"2025122309110776000_312.7036.940.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-109-1-18","article-title":"Obesity and knee osteoarthritis. The Framingham study.","volume":"109","author":"Felson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2025122309110776000_312.7036.940.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114939","article-title":"Factors associated with osteoarthritis of the knee in the first national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES I).","volume":"128","author":"Anderson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025122309110776000_312.7036.940.5","first-page":"331","article-title":"The relationship of obesity, fat distribution and osteoarthritis in women in the general population: the Chingford study.","volume":"20","author":"Hart","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025122309110776000_312.7036.940.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.17.4.388","article-title":"Osteoarthritis and disk degeneration in an urban population.","volume":"17","author":"Kellgren","year":"1958","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025122309110776000_312.7036.940.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780300811","article-title":"The prevalence of knee osteoarthritis in the elderly. 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