{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T02:58:18Z","timestamp":1774666698539,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7044","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,6,8]],"date-time":"1996-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":834192000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[1996,3,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,6,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    : To investigate the relation between different types of heating and the prevalence of atopic diseases, skin test reactivity, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Cross sectional survey among schoolchildren aged 9-11 years. Skin prick tests, pulmonary function tests, and bronchial challenge in the children and self completion of a written questionnaire by the children's parents.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Subjects<\/jats:bold>\n                    : 1958 children in a rural area in southern Bavaria, Germany.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Main outcome measures<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Prevalence of asthma, hay fever, and atopic dermatitis as determined by parents' answers to a questionnaire; the atopic status of the child assessed by skin prick tests; and bronchial responsiveness to cold air challenge in the children.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    : After possible confounders were controlled for, the risk of developing hay fever (odds ratio=0.57; 95% confidence interval 0.34 to 0.98), atopy defined as at least one positive reaction to a panel of common aeroallergens (0.67; 0.49 to 0.93), sensitisation to pollen (0.60; 0.41 to 0.87), and of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (0.55;0.34-0.90) was significantly lower in children living in homes where coal or wood was used for heating than in children living in homes with other heating systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Factors directly or indirectly related to the heating systems used in rural Bavarian homes decrease the susceptibility of children to becoming atopic and to developing bronchial hyperresponsiveness.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:boxed-text position=\"float\">\n                      <jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Key messages<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                          <jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:p>This study shows that in a rural population children of families using wood or coal for heating and cooking had a significant lower prevalence of hay fever, atopy, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness than children living in homes with other heating systems<\/jats:p>\n                          <\/jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:p>Factors directly related to home wood or coal combustion may explain these findings<\/jats:p>\n                          <\/jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:p>Alternatively, using coal and wood burning stoves indoors may be related to a more traditional life style with unknown protective factors that have been lost in families using other sources of energy such as gas, oil, or a central heating system<\/jats:p>\n                          <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <\/jats:list>\n                      <\/jats:sec>\n                    <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7044.1448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,27]],"date-time":"2011-10-27T19:41:13Z","timestamp":1319744473000},"page":"1448-1450","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Relation of indoor heating with asthma, allergic sensitisation, and bronchial responsiveness: survey of children in South Bavaria"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"312","author":[{"given":"Erika von","family":"Mutius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabina","family":"Illi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Nicolai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando D","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122309552014000_312.7044.1448.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(21)00852-2","article-title":"Indoor air pollution.","volume":"13","author":"Gold","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"2025122309552014000_312.7044.1448.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samet JM .Nitrogen dioxide. 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