{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:19:59Z","timestamp":1790259599012,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7052","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,8,3]],"date-time":"1996-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":839030400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[1996,4,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,8,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    : To investigate if extracts of Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) are more effective than placebo in the treatment of depression, are as effective as standard antidepressive treatment, and have fewer side effects than standard antidepressant drugs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Systematic review and meta-analysis of trials revealed by searches.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Trials<\/jats:bold>\n                    : 23 randomised trials including a total of 1757 outpatients with mainly mild or moderately severe depressive disorders: 15 (14 testing single preparations and one a combination with other plant extracts) were placebo controlled, and eight (six testing single preparations and two combinations) compared hypericum with another drug treatment.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Main outcome measures<\/jats:bold>\n                    : A pooled estimate of the responder rate ratio (responder rate in treatment group\/responder rate in control group), and numbers of patients reporting and dropping out for side effects.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Hypericum extracts were significantly superior to placebo (ratio = 2.67; 95% confidence interval 1.78 to 4.01) and similarly effective as standard antidepressants (single preparations 1.10; 0.93 to 1.31, combinations 1.52; 0.78 to 2.94). There were two (0.8%) drop outs for side effects with hypericum and seven (3.0%) with standard antidepressant drugs. Side effects occurred in 50 (19.8%) patients on hypericum and 84 (52.8%) patients on standard antidepressants.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>\n                    : There is evidence that extracts of hypericum are more effective than placebo for the treatment of mild to moderately severe depressive disorders. Further studies comparing extracts with standard antidepressants in well defined groups of patients and comparing different extracts and doses are needed.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:boxed-text position=\"float\">\n                      <jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Key messages<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                          <jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:p>There is evidence from randomised trials that such extracts are more effective than placebo for the treatment of depressive disorders, but it is not known whether they are more effective for certain disorders than others<\/jats:p>\n                          <\/jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:p>Current evidence is inadequate to establish whether hypericum is as effective as other antidepressants and if it has fewer side effects<\/jats:p>\n                          <\/jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:p>Additional trials should be conducted to compare hypericum with other antidepressants in well defined groups of patients; to investigate long term side effects; and to evaluate the relative efficacy of different preparations and doses<\/jats:p>\n                          <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <\/jats:list>\n                      <\/jats:sec>\n                    <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7052.253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,27]],"date-time":"2011-10-27T19:42:14Z","timestamp":1319744534000},"page":"253-258","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":747,"title":["St John's wort for depression\u2014an overview and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"313","author":[{"given":"Klaus","family":"Linde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilbert","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia D","family":"Mulrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrej","family":"Pauls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Weidenhammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Melchart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122310383200000_313.7052.253.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002"},{"key":"2025122310383200000_313.7052.253.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820140007001"},{"issue":"(suppl 1)","key":"2025122310383200000_313.7052.253.3","first-page":"33","article-title":"Praxisproblem depressive Verstimmung.","volume":"66","author":"Upmeyer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Zeitschrift fur Allgemeinmedizin"},{"key":"2025122310383200000_313.7052.253.4","unstructured":"Lohse MJ Muller-Oerlinghausen B .Psychopharmaka. In: Schwabe U Paffrath D , eds. Arzneiverordnungsreport '94. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer, 1994:354\u201370."},{"issue":"(suppl 1)","key":"2025122310383200000_313.7052.253.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/089198879400701s18","article-title":"Pharmaceutical quality of Hypericum extracts.","volume":"7","author":"Wagner","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol"},{"key":"2025122310383200000_313.7052.253.6","first-page":"255","article-title":"Inhaltsstoffe und Wirkmechanismen des Johanniskrauts.","volume":"14","author":"Holzl","year":"1993","journal-title":"Zeitschrift fur Phytotherapie"},{"key":"2025122310383200000_313.7052.253.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0944-7113(11)80051-6","article-title":"St. John's wort, an anti-depressant? A systematic, criteria-based review.","volume":"2","author":"Ernst","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"2025122310383200000_313.7052.253.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(95)00134-4","article-title":"et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary?","volume":"17","author":"Jadad","year":"1996","journal-title":"Contr Clin Trials"},{"key":"2025122310383200000_313.7052.253.9","unstructured":"Association for Methodology and Documentation in Psychiatry (AMDP) , Collegium Internationale Psychiatriae Scalarum (CIPS). Rating scales for psychiatry. Weinheim: Beltz, 1990."},{"key":"2025122310383200000_313.7052.253.10","unstructured":"Hedges LV Olkin I .Statistical methods for meta-analysis. San Diego: Academic Press, 1985."},{"issue":"(suppl 1)","key":"2025122310383200000_313.7052.253.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/089198879400701s06","article-title":"Multi-center double-blind study examining the antidepressant effectiveness of the Hypericum extract LI 160.","volume":"7","author":"Hansgen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol"},{"key":"2025122310383200000_313.7052.253.12","first-page":"250","article-title":"Wirksamkeit des Johanniskrautextraktes LI 160 bei depressiver Verstimmung.","volume":"10","author":"Halama","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nervenheilkunde"},{"key":"2025122310383200000_313.7052.253.13","first-page":"710","article-title":"\u201cAlternative\u201d Depressionsbehandlung mit einem Hypericum-Extrakt.","volume":"5","author":"Harrer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Therapiewoche Neurologie\/Psychiatrie"},{"key":"2025122310383200000_313.7052.253.14","first-page":"776","article-title":"Therapie von depressiven Zustanden mit Hypericin.","volume":"55","author":"Hoffmann","year":"1979","journal-title":"Zeitschrift fur Allgemeinmedizin"},{"issue":"(suppl 1)","key":"2025122310383200000_313.7052.253.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1177\/089198879400701s05","article-title":"Hypericum treatment of mild depression with somatic symptoms.","volume":"7","author":"Hubner","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol"},{"key":"2025122310383200000_313.7052.253.16","unstructured":"Konig CD . Hypericum perforatum L . (gemeines Johanniskraut) als Therapeutikum bei depressiven Verstimmungszustanden - eine Alternative zu synthetischen Arzneimitteln. Basel: University of Basel, 1993. 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Evaluation d'un traitement homeopathique de la nevralgie dentaire.In: Boiron J Belon P Hariveau E , eds. Recherche en homeopathie. Lyons: Fondation Francaise pour la Recherche en Homeopathie, 1986;75\u20137."},{"key":"2025122310383200000_313.7052.253.40","first-page":"70","article-title":"Arnica montana and Hypericum in dental practice.","volume":"47","author":"Bendre","year":"1980","journal-title":"Hahnemann Gleanings"},{"key":"2025122310383200000_313.7052.253.41","first-page":"4659","article-title":"Die Behandlung mittelschwerer Angstzustande.","volume":"41","author":"Panijel","year":"1985","journal-title":"Therapiewoche"},{"key":"2025122310383200000_313.7052.253.42","first-page":"118","article-title":"Die Behandlung von psychovegetativen Storungen mit Johanniskraut-Ol (Jukunda-Rot-Ol-Kapseln).","volume":"45","author":"Dittmer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Naturheilpraxis mit Naturmedizin"},{"key":"2025122310383200000_313.7052.253.43","first-page":"13","article-title":"Zur Pharmakodynamik eines Hypericum-Extraktes. 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