{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T23:04:30Z","timestamp":1772751870676,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7085","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,29]],"date-time":"1997-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":859593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[1997,1,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,29]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n To assess correlation between type of breast cyst and risk of breast cancer in women with gross cystic disease of the breast.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Design:<\/jats:bold>\n Cohort study of women with breast cysts aspirated between 1983 and 1993 who were followed up until December 1994 for occurrence of breast cancer.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Setting:<\/jats:bold>\n Major cancer prevention centre.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Subjects:<\/jats:bold>\n 802 women with aspirated breast cysts.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Main outcome measures:<\/jats:bold>\n Type of breast cyst based on cationic content of cyst fluid: type I (potassium:sodium ratio >1.5), type II (potassium:sodium ratio <1.5), or mixed (both types). Subsequent occurrence and type of breast cancer.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Results:<\/jats:bold>\n After median follow up of six years (range 2-12 years) 15 cases of invasive breast cancer and two ductal carcinomas in situ were diagnosed in the cohort: 12 invasive cancers (and two carcinomas in situ) among the 417 women with type I cysts, two cancers among the 325 women with type II cysts, and one among the 60 women with mixed cysts. The incidence of breast cancer in women with type I cysts was significantly higher than that in women with type II cysts (relative risk 4.62 (95% confidence interval 1.26 to 29.7)). These results were confirmed after adjustment for several risk factors for breast cancer (relative risk 4.24 (1.12 to 27.5)).\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n The increased risk of breast cancer of women with breast cysts seems to be concentrated among women with type I breast cysts.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n \n \n Key messages<\/jats:title>\n \n \n Several studies have shown that women with palpable cysts in their breasts are at increased risk of breast cancer<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Two types of breast cyst can be identified\u2013type I cysts, with low concentrations of sodium and high concentrations of potassium ions, and type II cysts, with opposite characteristics<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n We investigated the correlation between cyst type and risk of breast cancer in 802 women with aspirated breast cysts<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n After median follow up of six years, the women had a relative risk of breast cancer of 1.69 compared with the general population, and those with type I cysts had a risk four times higher than those with type II cysts<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n The excess risk of breast cancer of women with breast cysts seems to be concentrated among women with type I cysts, but the size and duration of this increased risk are still to be assessed<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:sec>\n <\/jats:boxed-text>\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7085.925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,27]],"date-time":"2011-10-27T19:45:52Z","timestamp":1319744752000},"page":"925","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Cohort study of association of risk of breast cancer with cyst type in women with gross cystic disease of the breast"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"314","author":[{"given":"Paolo","family":"Bruzzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Dogliotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Naldoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauro","family":"Bucchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Costantini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Cicognani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mirella","family":"Torta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gian Franco","family":"Buzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Angeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122313404140000_314.7085.925.1","unstructured":"Haagensen CD Bodian C Haagensen DE Jr , eds.Breast carcinoma. Risk and detection.London:WB Saunders,1981."},{"key":"2025122313404140000_314.7085.925.2","first-page":"95","article-title":"The epidemiology of gross cystic disease of the breast confirmed by biopsy or by aspiration of cyst fluid.","volume":"16","author":"Bodian","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer Detect Prev"},{"key":"2025122313404140000_314.7085.925.3","first-page":"13","article-title":"The association between gross cysts of the breast and breast cancer.","volume":"7","author":"Harrington","year":"1980","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"2025122313404140000_314.7085.925.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-5379(90)90074-4","article-title":"Risk of breast cancer subsequent to proven gross cystic disease.","volume":"26","author":"Ciatto","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"2025122313404140000_314.7085.925.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198501173120303","article-title":"Risk factors for breast cancer in woman with proliferative breast disease.","volume":"312","author":"Dupont","year":"1985","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025122313404140000_314.7085.925.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800670922","article-title":"The presentation and progress of macroscopic breast cysts.","volume":"67","author":"Jones","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2025122313404140000_314.7085.925.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.288.6413.275","article-title":"Risk of breast cancer in women with history of benign breast disease of the breast.","volume":"288","author":"Roberts","year":"1984","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025122313404140000_314.7085.925.8","first-page":"13","article-title":"Risk of breast cancer in women with benign breast disease.","volume":"65","author":"Hutchinson","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2025122313404140000_314.7085.925.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1991.433","article-title":"Is there an increased risk of breast cancer in women who have had a breast cyst aspirated?","volume":"64","author":"Bundred","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2025122313404140000_314.7085.925.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-5379(85)90289-5","article-title":"The relationship of cyst type to risk factors for breast cancer and the subsequent development of breast cancer in patients with breast cystic disease.","volume":"21","author":"Dixon","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2025122313404140000_314.7085.925.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19930615)71:12<3896::AID-CNCR2820711217>3.0.CO;2-I"},{"key":"2025122313404140000_314.7085.925.12","first-page":"227","article-title":"Classification of human breast cysts according to electrolyte and androgen conjugate composition.","volume":"9","author":"Miller","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2025122313404140000_314.7085.925.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800701012","article-title":"The morphological basis of human breast cyst population.","volume":"70","author":"Dixon","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2025122313404140000_314.7085.925.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-5379(86)90137-9","article-title":"Cations and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate in cyst fluid of pre and menopausal patients with gross cystic disease of the breast. Evidence for the existence of subpopulations of cysts.","volume":"22","author":"Dogliotti","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2025122313404140000_314.7085.925.15","first-page":"5860","article-title":"Epidermal growth factor in breast cyst fluid: relationship with intracystic cation and androgen conjugate content.","volume":"45","author":"Boccardo","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2025122313404140000_314.7085.925.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1990.tb17788.x","article-title":"Criteria for classifying breast cyst fluids.","volume":"586","author":"Angeli","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"2025122313404140000_314.7085.925.17","unstructured":"Bradlow HL Skidmore FD Schwartz MK Fleisher M Schwartz D .Cations in breast cyst fluid. In: Angeli A Bradlow HL Dogliotti L , eds. 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in situ, and breast cancer risk.","volume":"15","author":"Bodian","year":"1993","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"2025122313404140000_314.7085.925.29","first-page":"21","article-title":"Biochemical analysis of breast cyst fluid predicts the natural history of breast cysts.","volume":"5","author":"Bundred","year":"1992","journal-title":"Breast Dis"},{"key":"2025122313404140000_314.7085.925.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800750726","article-title":"Breast cyst type does not predict the natural history of cystic disease or breast cancer risk.","volume":"75","author":"Ebbs","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2025122313404140000_314.7085.925.31","first-page":"711","article-title":"Relationship between basic fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor beta 2 in breast cyst fluid.","volume":"80","author":"Lai","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["BMJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/data.bmj.org\/tdm\/10.1136\/bmj.314.7085.925","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.314.7085.925","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T21:40:50Z","timestamp":1766526050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.314.7085.925"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,29]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7085","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmj.314.7085.925"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.314.7085.925","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-8138","1468-5833"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-8138","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-5833","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,29]]}}}