{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T19:25:14Z","timestamp":1766690714037,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7096","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,6,14]],"date-time":"1997-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":866246400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[1997,5,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,6,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objectives:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To estimate population based incidence rates of gonorrhoea in an inner London area and examine relations with age, ethnic group, and socioeconomic deprivation.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Cross sectional study.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Setting:<\/jats:bold>\n                    11 departments of genitourinary medicine in south and central London.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Subjects:<\/jats:bold>\n                    1978 first episodes of gonorrhoea diagnosed in 1994 and 1995 in residents of 73 electoral wards in the boroughs of Lambeth, Southwark, and Lewisham who attended any of the departments of genitourinary medicine.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Main outcome measures:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Yearly age, sex, and ethnic group specific rates of gonorrhoea per 100 000 population aged 15-59 years; rate ratios for the effects of age and ethnic group on gonorrhoea rates in women and men before and after adjustment for confounding factors.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Overall incidence rates of gonorrhoea in residents of Lambeth, Southwark, and Lewisham were 138.3 cases yearly per 100 000 women and 291.9 cases yearly per 100 000 men aged 15-59 years. At all ages gonorrhoea rates were higher in non-white minority ethnic groups. Rate ratios for the effect of age adjusted for ethnic group and underprivilege were 15.2 (95% confidence interval 11.6 to 19.7) for women and 2.0 (1.7 to 2.5) for men aged 15-19 years compared with those over 30. After deprivation score and age were taken into account, women from black minority groups were 10.5 (8.6 to 12.8) times as likely and men 11.0 (9.7 to 12.6) times as likely as white people to experience gonorrhoea.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Gonorrhoea rates in Lambeth, Southwark, and Lewisham in 1994-5 were six to seven times higher than for England and Wales one year earlier. The presentation of national trends thus hides the disproportionate contribution of ongoing endemic transmission in the study area. Teenage women and young adult men, particularly those from black minority ethnic groups, are the most heavily affected, even when socioeconomic underprivilege is taken into account. There is urgent need for resources for culturally appropriate research and effective intervention to prevent gonococcal infections and their long term sequelae in this population.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7096.1719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,27]],"date-time":"2011-10-27T19:46:59Z","timestamp":1319744819000},"page":"1719","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Gonorrhoea in inner London: results of a cross sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"314","author":[{"given":"Nicola","family":"Low","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gavin","family":"Daker-White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Barlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anton L","family":"Pozniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122314262670000_314.7096.1719.1","unstructured":"Department of Health. The health of the nation: a strategy for health in England. London: HMSO, 1992:92#101."},{"key":"2025122314262670000_314.7096.1719.2","unstructured":"Department of Health. The health of the nation: a strategy for health in England. Briefing pack. London: HMSO, 1992."},{"key":"2025122314262670000_314.7096.1719.3","unstructured":"Holmes KK M\u00e5rdh P-A Sparling PF Wiesner PJ Cate W Lemon SM eds. Sexually transmitted diseases. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990."},{"key":"2025122314262670000_314.7096.1719.4","first-page":"62","volume":"5","author":"Sexually transmitted diseases quarterly report: gonorrhoea in England and Wales","year":"1995","journal-title":"Commun Dis Rep CDR Wkly"},{"key":"2025122314262670000_314.7096.1719.5","first-page":"125","article-title":"The health of the nation","volume":"56","author":"Calman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Hosp Med"},{"key":"2025122314262670000_314.7096.1719.6","first-page":"171","article-title":"Promoting the health of the nation","volume":"56","author":"Langlands","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Hosp Med"},{"key":"2025122314262670000_314.7096.1719.7","first-page":"1","volume":"14","author":"Government Statistical Service","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases, England 1995: new cases seen at NHS genito-urinary medicine clinics"},{"key":"2025122314262670000_314.7096.1719.8","unstructured":"Johnson AM . HIV and AIDS. In: Smith R , ed. The health of the nation: the BMJ view. London: BMJ Publishing Group, 1991:83#91."},{"key":"2025122314262670000_314.7096.1719.9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Summary of notifiable diseases, United States 1994","volume":"43","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1994","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"2025122314262670000_314.7096.1719.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.85.11.1546","article-title":"Socioeconomic differences in sexually transmitted disease rates among black and white adolescents, San Francisco, 1990 to 1992","volume":"85","author":"Ellen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2025122314262670000_314.7096.1719.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.81.10.1252","article-title":"Sociodemographic distribution of gonorrhea incidence: implications for prevention and behavioral research","volume":"81","author":"Rice","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2025122314262670000_314.7096.1719.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(20)30557-2","article-title":"Epidemiological considerations of sexually transmitted diseases in underserved populations","volume":"7","author":"Toomey","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"2025122314262670000_314.7096.1719.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(93)90126-O","article-title":"Health and the social status of blacks in the United States","volume":"3","author":"Cooper","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025122314262670000_314.7096.1719.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90110-3"},{"key":"2025122314262670000_314.7096.1719.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462971918733","article-title":"Heterosexual gonorrhoea at St Thomas'\u2013I: patient characteristics and implications for targeted STD and HIV prevention strategies","volume":"8","author":"Daker-White","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"2025122314262670000_314.7096.1719.16","unstructured":"Royal Mail . Royal Mail: the postal address book: 95-96, London. London: Royal Mail, 1995."},{"key":"2025122314262670000_314.7096.1719.17","unstructured":"Dale A Marsh C . The 1991 census user's guide. London: HMSO, 1993."},{"key":"2025122314262670000_314.7096.1719.18","unstructured":"Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, General Register Office Scotland. 1991 Census user guide 58: undercoverage in Great Britain. London: OPCS, 1994."},{"key":"2025122314262670000_314.7096.1719.19","unstructured":"Clayton D Hills ML . Poisson and logistic regression. In: Statistical models in epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford Science Publications, 1993:227#36."},{"key":"2025122314262670000_314.7096.1719.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.44.1.62"},{"key":"2025122314262670000_314.7096.1719.21","first-page":"318","article-title":"Which deprivation? A comparison of selected deprivation indexes","volume":"13","author":"Morris","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Public Health Med"},{"key":"2025122314262670000_314.7096.1719.22","unstructured":"Blair I Skett S . Gonorrhoea in the West Midlands. 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