{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:58:02Z","timestamp":1790708282649,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7150","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,7,4]],"date-time":"1998-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":899510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[1998,3,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,7,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To evaluate an experimental heroin maintenance programme.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Randomised trial.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Setting:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Outpatient clinic in Geneva, Switzerland.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Subjects:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Heroin addicts recruited from the community who were socially marginalised and in poor health and had failed in at least two previous drug treatments.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Intervention:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Patients in the experimental programme (n=27) received intravenous heroin and other health and psychosocial services. Control patients (n=24) received any other conventional drug treatment (usually methadone maintenance).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Main outcome measures:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Self reported drug use, health status (SF-36), and social functioning.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    25 experimental patients completed 6 months in the programme, receiving a median of 480 mg of heroin daily. One experimental subject and 10 control subjects still used street heroin daily at follow up (difference 44%; 95% confidence interval 16% to 71%). Health status scores that improved significantly more in experimental subjects were mental health (0.58 SD; 0.07 to 1.10), role limitations due to emotional problems (0.95 SD; 0.11 to 1.79), and social functioning (0.65 SD; 0.03 to 1.26). Experimental subjects also significantly reduced their illegal income and drug expenses and committed fewer drug and property related offences. There were no benefits in terms of work, housing situation, somatic health status, and use of other drugs. Unexpectedly, only nine (38%) control subjects entered the heroin maintenance programme at follow up.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A heroin maintenance programme is a feasible and clinically effective treatment for heroin users who fail in conventional drug treatment programmes. Even in this population, however, another attempt at methadone maintenance may be successful and help the patient to stop using injectable opioids.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7150.13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,27]],"date-time":"2011-10-27T19:54:09Z","timestamp":1319745249000},"page":"13-18","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":193,"title":["Randomised trial of heroin maintenance programme for addicts who fail in conventional drug treatments"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"317","author":[{"given":"Thomas V","family":"Perneger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Giner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"del Rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie","family":"Mino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122208403100000_317.7150.13.1","unstructured":"Stimson GV Oppenheimer E . 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Scientific foundations and practical experiences., Bern: Hogrefe and Huber Publishers,1996."},{"key":"2025122208403100000_317.7150.13.14","first-page":"931","article-title":"Diversified prescription of narcotics to heroin addicts: background, design, research plan [in German].","volume":"83","author":"Uchtenhagen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax"},{"key":"2025122208403100000_317.7150.13.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.306.6890.1437","article-title":"Short form 36 (SF-36) health survey questionnaire: normative data for adults of working age.","volume":"306","author":"Jenkinson","year":"1993","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025122208403100000_317.7150.13.16","unstructured":"Armitage P Berry G . Statistical methods in medical research. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications,1987."},{"key":"2025122208403100000_317.7150.13.17","unstructured":"Breslow NE Day NE . Statistical methods in cancer research. Vol 1. 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