{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T13:03:38Z","timestamp":1778677418457,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7156","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,15]],"date-time":"1998-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":903139200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[1998,4,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,15]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:bold>\n To establish the relation between new prescriptions for proton pump inhibitors and recorded upper gastrointestinal morbidity within a large computerised general practitioner database.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Design:<\/jats:bold>\n Retrospective survey of morbidity and prescribing data linked to new prescriptions for proton pump inhibitors and comparison with licensed indications between 1991\u00a0and 1995.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Setting:<\/jats:bold>\n General Practice Research Database and prescribing analysis and cost (PACT) data for the former West Midlands region.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Subjects:<\/jats:bold>\n Information for 612\u00a0700 patients in the General Practice Research Database. Anonymous PACT data for all general practitioners in West Midlands region.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Main outcome measures:<\/jats:bold>\n Diagnostic codes linked to the first prescriptions issued for proton pump inhibitors; relation between new prescriptions and licensed indications; yearly change in ratio of new to repeat prescriptions and prescribing volumes measured as defined daily doses.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Results:<\/jats:bold>\n Oesophagitis was the commonest recorded indication in 1991,\u00a0accounting for 31% of new prescriptions, but was third in 1995\u00a0(14%). During the study new prescriptions increased substantially, especially for duodenal disease (780%) and non-ulcer dyspepsia (690%). In 1995\u00a0non-specific morbidity accounted for 46% of new prescriptions. The total volume of prescribing rose 10-fold between 1991\u00a0and 1995,\u00a0when repeat prescribing accounted for 77% of the total.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n Changes in recorded morbidity associated with new prescriptions of proton pump inhibitors did not necessarily reflect changes in licensed indications. Although general practitioners seemed to respond to changes in licensing, particularly for duodenal and gastric disease, prescribing for unlicensed indications non-ulcer dyspepsia and non-specific abdominal pain increased.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n \n \n Key messages<\/jats:title>\n \n \n There has been much speculation about the reasons behind the substantial rise in prescribing of proton pump inhibitors, especiallytheir use for minor symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n We used the General Practitioner Research Database for the former West Midlands region to show that the volume of proton pump in hibitorprescribing rose 10-fold between 1992\u00a0and 1995\u00a0and repeatprescribing had risen to 77% of the volume by 1995\u00a0<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Prescribing for uncomplicated dyspepsia and non-specific abdominalsymptoms, which were outside the licensed indications, accounted for 46%of new prescribing by 1995\u00a0<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n The proportion of prescribing for the licensed indication ofoesophagitis fell during the study, but that for duodenal ulcerationincreased in line with the expansion of licensed indications<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Analysis of PACT data showed similar prescribing trends to thosefound with the General Practitioner Research Database<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:sec>\n <\/jats:boxed-text>\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7156.452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,31]],"date-time":"2011-10-31T17:07:55Z","timestamp":1320080875000},"page":"452-456","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Why are patients prescribed proton pump inhibitors? Retrospective analysis of link between morbidity and prescribing in the General Practice Research Database"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"317","author":[{"given":"James N R","family":"Bashford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Norwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen R","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122209275211000_317.7156.452.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7118.1284"},{"key":"2025122209275211000_317.7156.452.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)62629-3","article-title":"Proton-pump inhibitors: three of a kind?","volume":"349","author":"Bateman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025122209275211000_317.7156.452.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7121.1515","article-title":"What can PACT data tell us about prescribing in general practice?","volume":"315","author":"Majeed","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025122209275211000_317.7156.452.4","first-page":"49","article-title":"The interpretation and use of PACT.","volume":"31","author":"Hepburn","year":"1991","journal-title":"Prescribers J"},{"key":"2025122209275211000_317.7156.452.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.302.6779.766","article-title":"Validation of information recorded on general practitioner based computerised data resource in the United Kingdom.","volume":"302","author":"Jick","year":"1991","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025122209275211000_317.7156.452.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.2630010607"},{"key":"2025122209275211000_317.7156.452.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.2630010108","article-title":"Pharmacoepidemiology using a UK database of primary care records.","volume":"1","author":"Hall","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Safety"},{"key":"2025122209275211000_317.7156.452.8","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. 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