{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T15:14:31Z","timestamp":1793459671812,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7157","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,22]],"date-time":"1998-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":903744000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[1998,5,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    : To examine the effect of alcohol consumption on the probability of conception.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\n                    : A follow up study over six menstrual cycles or until a clinically recognised pregnancy occurred after discontinuation of contraception.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Subjects<\/jats:bold>\n                    : 430\u00a0Danish couples aged 20-35\u00a0years trying to conceive for the first time.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Main outcome measures<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Clinically recognised pregnancy. Fecundability odds ratio: odds of conception among exposed couples divided by odds among those not exposed.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    : In the six cycles of follow up 64% (179) of women with a weekly alcohol intake of less than five drinks and 55% (75) of women with a higher intake conceived. After adjustment for cycle number, smoking in either partner or smoking exposure in utero, centre of enrolment, diseases in female reproductive organs, woman's body mass index, sperm concentration, and duration of menstrual cycle, the odds ratio decreased with increasing alcohol intake from 0.61\u00a0(95% confidence interval 0.40\u00a0to 0.93) among women consuming 1-5\u00a0drinks a week to 0.34\u00a0(0.22\u00a0to 0.52) among women consuming more than 10\u00a0drinks a week (P=0.03 for trend) compared with women with no alcohol intake. Among men no dose-response association was found after control for confounders including women's alcohol intake.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>\n                    : A woman's alcohol intake is associated with decreased fecundability even among women with a weekly alcohol intake corresponding to five or fewer drinks. This finding needs further corroboration, but it seems reasonable to encourage women to avoid intake of alcohol when they are trying to become pregnant.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7157.505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,31]],"date-time":"2011-10-31T17:43:09Z","timestamp":1320082989000},"page":"505-510","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":170,"title":["Does moderate alcohol consumption affect fertility? Follow up study among couples planning first pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"317","author":[{"given":"Tina Kold","family":"Jensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels Henrik I","family":"Hjollund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tine Brink","family":"Henriksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Scheike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Kolstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksander","family":"Giwercman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Ernst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens Peter","family":"Bonde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels E","family":"Skakkeb\u00e6k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u2298rn","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.1","first-page":"501","article-title":"Studies on mating. II. The effect of ethanol on sperm transport and ovulation in successfully mated rabbits.","volume":"58","author":"Sharma","year":"1970","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1980.tb04813.x","article-title":"Ethanol: a gonadal toxin in the mature rat of both sexes.","volume":"4","author":"Gavaler","year":"1980","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Res"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6867739"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349509024410","article-title":"Gonadal function and morphology in non-cirrhotic female alcoholics: a controlled study with hormone measurements and ultrasonography.","volume":"74","author":"V\u00e4lim\u00e4ki","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.5","first-page":"447","article-title":"The influence of ethanol and liver disease on sex hormones and hepatic oestrogen receptors in women.","volume":"40","author":"Becker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dan Med Bull"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1984.tb05700.x"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(89)90012-4"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)56579-0","article-title":"Identification of main factors for tubal infertility.","volume":"61","author":"Bahamondes","year":"1994","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)65965-2"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-198702000-00001","article-title":"Alcohol and reproductive function: a review.","volume":"42","author":"Hadi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.290.6483.1697","article-title":"Effects of age, cigarette smoking, and other factors on fertility: findings in a large prospective study.","volume":"290","author":"Howe","year":"1985","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1985.03350440057031"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199507000-00013","article-title":"Effect of cigarette smoking and coffee drinking on time to conception.","volume":"6","author":"Alderete","year":"1995","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)90933-6","article-title":"Caffeinated beverages and decreased fertility","volume":"ii","author":"Wilcox","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115948","article-title":"Cigarette smoking, tea and coffee drinking, and subfecundity.","volume":"133","author":"Olsen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1994.1024"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/12.2.179"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1997.tb03751.x"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)57056-3","article-title":"Moderate drinking:no impact on female fecundity.","volume":"62","author":"Zaadstra","year":"1994","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(93)90080-N"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(97)00096-8"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)39775-9","article-title":"Caffeine content of common beverages.","volume":"74","author":"Bunker","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6988.1165"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/54.1.49","article-title":"Alcohol intake in relation to diet and obesity in women and men.","volume":"54","author":"Colditz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.77.10.1324","article-title":"Alcohol and body weight in United States adults.","volume":"77","author":"Williamson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/17.2.378"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420470110"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009189"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117600","article-title":"Effects of caffeine consumption on delayed conception.","volume":"142","author":"Stanton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117180","article-title":"Male and female factors in fertility.","volume":"140","author":"Joffe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/25.4.783"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700270506","article-title":"Reduced fertility among women exposed to organic solvents.","volume":"27","author":"Sallm\u00e9n","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.84.9.1429"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)58393-9","article-title":"Seeking medical help for subfecundity: a study based upon surveys in five European countries.","volume":"66","author":"Olsen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1995.tb10905.x"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1991.tb02541.x","article-title":"Male alcohol consumption and fecundity in couples attending an infertility clinic.","volume":"23","author":"Dunphy","year":"1991","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00750098"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.38","first-page":"343","article-title":"Lifestyles of men in barren couples and their relationships to sperm quality.","volume":"37","author":"Oldereid","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Fertil"},{"key":"2025122209334718000_317.7157.505.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3109\/01485019308988387","article-title":"Risk factors for unexplained dyspermia in infertile men. A case-control study.","volume":"31","author":"Parazzini","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Androl"}],"container-title":["BMJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/data.bmj.org\/tdm\/10.1136\/bmj.317.7157.505","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.317.7157.505","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T17:33:54Z","timestamp":1766424834000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.317.7157.505"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,22]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7157","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,22]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmj.317.7157.505"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.317.7157.505","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-8138","1468-5833"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-8138","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-5833","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,22]]}}}