{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:27:27Z","timestamp":1793831247410,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7172","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,5]],"date-time":"1998-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":912816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To ascertain antepartum predictors of newborn encephalopathy in term infants.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Population based, unmatched case-control study.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Setting:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Metropolitan area of Western Australia, June 1993 to September 1995.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Subjects:<\/jats:bold>\n                    All 164 term infants with moderate or severe newborn encephalopathy; 400 randomly selected controls.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Main outcome measures:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Adjusted odds ratio estimates.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The birth prevalence of moderate or severe newborn encephalopathy was 3.8\/1000 term live births. The neonatal fatality was 9.1%. The risk of newborn encephalopathy increased with increasing maternal age and decreased with increasing parity. There was an increased risk associated with having a mother who was unemployed (odds ratio 3.60), an unskilled manual worker (3.84), or a housewife (2.48). Other risk factors from before conception were not having private health insurance (3.46), a family history of seizures (2.55), a family history of neurological disease (2.73), and infertility treatment (4.43). Risk factors during pregnancy were maternal thyroid disease (9.7), severe pre-eclampsia (6.30), moderate or severe bleeding (3.57), a clinically diagnosed viral illness (2.97), not having drunk alcohol (2.91); and placenta described at delivery as abnormal (2.07). Factors related to the baby were birth weight adjusted for gestational age between the third and ninth centile (4.37) or below the third centile (38.23). The risk relation with gestational age was J shaped with 38 and 39 weeks having the lowest risk.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The causes of newborn encephalopathy are heterogeneous and many of the causal pathways start before birth.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7172.1549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,27]],"date-time":"2011-10-27T19:55:56Z","timestamp":1319745356000},"page":"1549-1553","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":484,"title":["Antepartum risk factors for newborn encephalopathy: the Western Australian case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"317","author":[{"given":"Nadia","family":"Badawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer J","family":"Kurinczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M","family":"Keogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louisa M","family":"Alessandri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"O'Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul R","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick J","family":"Pemberton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona J","family":"Stanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122508583876000_317.7172.1549.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1991.02160110117034"},{"key":"2025122508583876000_317.7172.1549.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(81)80555-0"},{"key":"2025122508583876000_317.7172.1549.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1983.tb09722.x"},{"key":"2025122508583876000_317.7172.1549.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(85)90115-X","article-title":"The incidence and severity of post-asphyxial encephalopathy in full-term infants.","volume":"11","author":"Levene","year":"1985","journal-title":"Early Hum Develop"},{"key":"2025122508583876000_317.7172.1549.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1992.tb13754.x","article-title":"Falling incidence of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy in term infants.","volume":"99","author":"Hull","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"2025122508583876000_317.7172.1549.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1995.tb13794.x","article-title":"Birth asphyxia: incidence, clinical course and outcome in a Swedish population.","volume":"84","author":"Thornberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2025122508583876000_317.7172.1549.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7005.598"},{"key":"2025122508583876000_317.7172.1549.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1976.00500100030012"},{"key":"2025122508583876000_317.7172.1549.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7172.1554"},{"key":"2025122508583876000_317.7172.1549.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1993.tb121919.x","article-title":"Australasian Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy. Management of hypertension in pregnancy: executive summary.","volume":"158","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2025122508583876000_317.7172.1549.11","unstructured":"Blair E Stanley FJ .Intrauterine growth charts for singleton liveborn West Australian infants. Canberra:Australian Government Printer,1985."},{"key":"2025122508583876000_317.7172.1549.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)90856-3","article-title":"Intrauterine growth and spastic cerebral palsy. I. Association with birth weight for gestational age.","volume":"162","author":"Blair","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025122508583876000_317.7172.1549.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6931.743","article-title":"Case-control study of intrapartum care, cerebral palsy, and perinatal death.","volume":"308","author":"Gaffney","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025122508583876000_317.7172.1549.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1978.tb15199.x","article-title":"Neonatal convulsions: aetiology, late neonatal status and long-term outcome.","volume":"20","author":"Dennis","year":"1978","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"2025122508583876000_317.7172.1549.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F195","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.70.3.F195","article-title":"Cerebral palsy and neonatal encephalopathy.","volume":"70","author":"Gaffney","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2025122508583876000_317.7172.1549.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.95.2.263","article-title":"Cerebral palsy in very low birth weight infants, pre-eclampsia and magnesium sulphate.","volume":"95","author":"Nelson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025122508583876000_317.7172.1549.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(94)70409-0"},{"key":"2025122508583876000_317.7172.1549.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199206113262402"},{"key":"2025122508583876000_317.7172.1549.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7033.731","article-title":"Review of moderate alcohol consumption and reduced risk of coronary heart disease: is the effect due to beer, wine or spirits?","volume":"312","author":"Rimm","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025122508583876000_317.7172.1549.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1985.02140120077032"},{"key":"2025122508583876000_317.7172.1549.21","first-page":"A9","article-title":"Childhood outcomes associated with assisted conception procedures.","volume":"9","author":"Kurinczuk","year":"1995","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025122508583876000_317.7172.1549.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.1993.tb00405.x","article-title":"When can cerebral palsy be prevented? The generation of causal hypotheses by multivariate analysis of a case-control study.","volume":"7","author":"Blair","year":"1993","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025122508583876000_317.7172.1549.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1976.tb04906.x"},{"key":"2025122508583876000_317.7172.1549.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1993.tb11688.x","article-title":"Preterm birth and cerebral palsy: is tumour necrosis factor the missing link?","volume":"35","author":"Leviton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"2025122508583876000_317.7172.1549.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550030047032"},{"key":"2025122508583876000_317.7172.1549.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)18462-X"},{"key":"2025122508583876000_317.7172.1549.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1993.tb11687.x","article-title":"Infectious diseases in pregnancy, cytokines and neurological impairment: an hypothesis.","volume":"35","author":"Adinolfi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"2025122508583876000_317.7172.1549.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198607103150202"}],"container-title":["BMJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/data.bmj.org\/tdm\/10.1136\/bmj.317.7172.1549","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.317.7172.1549","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T16:58:50Z","timestamp":1766681930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.317.7172.1549"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,5]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7172","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmj.317.7172.1549"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.317.7172.1549","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-8138","1468-5833"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-8138","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-5833","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,5]]}}}