{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:38:14Z","timestamp":1787017094633,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7297","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,26]],"date-time":"2001-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":990835200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To determine the effects of perineal massage in the second stage of labour on perineal outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Randomised controlled trial.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Participants:<\/jats:bold>\n                    At 36 weeks' gestation, women expecting normal birth of a singleton were asked to join the study. Women became eligible to be randomised in labour if they progressed to full dilatation of the cervix or 8 cm or more if nulliparous or 5 cm or more if multiparous. 1340 were randomised into the trial.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Intervention:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Massage and stretching of the perineum during the second stage of labour with a water soluble lubricant.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Main outcome measures:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Primary outcomes: rates of intact perineum, episiotomies, and first, second, third, and fourth degree tears. Secondary outcomes: pain at three and 10 days postpartum and pain, dyspareunia, resumption of sexual intercourse, and urinary and faecal incontinence and urgency three months postpartum.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Rates of intact perineums, first and second degree tears, and episiotomies were similar in the massage and the control groups. There were fewer third degree tears in the massage group (12 (1.7%)\n                    <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n                    23 (3.6%); absolute risk 2.11, relative risk 0.45; 95% confidence interval 0.23 to 0.93, P&lt;0.04), though the trial was underpowered to measure this rarer outcome. Groups did not differ in any of the secondary outcomes at the three assessment points.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The practice of perineal massage in labour does not increase the likelihood of an intact perineum or reduce the risk of pain, dyspareunia, or urinary and faecal problems.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:boxed-text position=\"float\">\n                      <jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>What is already known on this topic<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Perineal trauma during vaginal birth and its sequelae, including urinary and faecal incontinence, dyspareunia, and persistent pain, have a negative impact on the sexuality, self esteem, and quality of life of countless women each year<\/jats:p>\n                        <jats:p>Perineal massage conducted antenatally has some benefit in reducing the risk of perineal trauma<\/jats:p>\n                        <jats:p>Perineal massage in the second stage of labour has been promoted and practised without sound evidence of its effectiveness<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:sec>\n                      <jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>What this study adds<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Perineal massage in the second stage of labour did not have any effect on the likelihood of an intact perineum, perineal trauma, pain, or subsequent sexual, urinary or faecal outcomes but was not harmful<\/jats:p>\n                        <jats:p>The results support midwives in following their usual practice while taking account of the preferences of individual women<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:sec>\n                    <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7297.1277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T06:43:06Z","timestamp":1027752186000},"page":"1277-1280","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Perineal massage in labour and prevention of perineal trauma: randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"322","author":[{"given":"Georgina","family":"Stamp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gillian","family":"Kruzins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Crowther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122109303379000_322.7297.1277.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)00020-9","article-title":"Perineal massage for prevention of perineal trauma in childbirth","volume":"355","author":"Johanson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025122109303379000_322.7297.1277.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(94)90070-1","article-title":"Relationship of episiotomy to perineal trauma and morbidity, sexual dysfunction and pelvic floor relaxation","volume":"71","author":"Klein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025122109303379000_322.7297.1277.3","unstructured":"Myles MF . 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