{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:59:26Z","timestamp":1791251966772,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7379","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,4]],"date-time":"2003-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1041638400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objectives:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To investigate whether breast feeding is effective for pain relief during venepuncture in term neonates and compare any effect with that of oral glucose combined with a pacifier.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Randomised controlled trial.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Participants:<\/jats:bold>\n                    180 term newborn infants undergoing venepuncture; 45 in each group.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Interventions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    During venepuncture infants were either breast fed (group 1), held in their mother's arms without breast feeding (group 2), given 1 ml of sterile water as placebo (group 3), or given 1 ml of 30% glucose followed by pacifier (group 4). Video recordings of the procedure were assessed by two observers blinded to the purpose of the study.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Main outcome measures:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Pain related behaviours evaluated with two acute pain rating scales: the Douleur Aigu\u00eb Nouveau-n\u00e9 scale (range 0 to 10) and the premature infant pain profile scale (range 0 to 18).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Median pain scores (interquartile range) for breast feeding, held in mother's arms, placebo, and 30% glucose plus pacifier groups were 1 (0\u20133), 10 (8.5-10), 10 (7.5-10), and 3 (0\u20135) with the Douleur Aigu\u00eb Nouveau-n\u00e9 scale and 4.5 (2.25-8), 13 (10.5-15), 12 (9\u201313), and 4 (1\u20136) with the premature infant pain profile scale. Analysis of variance showed significantly different median pain scores (P&lt;0.0001) among the groups. There were significant reductions in both scores for the breast feeding and glucose plus pacifier groups compared with the other two groups (P&lt;0.0001, two tailed Mann-Whitney U tests between groups). The difference in Douleur Aigu\u00eb Nouveau-n\u00e9 scores between breast feeding and glucose plus pacifier groups was not significant (P=0.16).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Breast feeding effectively reduces response to pain during minor invasive procedure in term neonates.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:boxed-text position=\"float\">\n                      <jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>What is already known on this topic<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Current pharmacological treatments are not appropriate for pain relief during minor procedures like venepuncture or heel prick in newborn infants<\/jats:p>\n                        <jats:p>Oral sweet solutions, non-nutritive sucking, and skin to skin contact reduce procedural pain in newborn infants<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:sec>\n                      <jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>What this study adds<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Breast feeding during a painful procedure effectively reduces the response to pain in newborn infants<\/jats:p>\n                        <jats:p>The analgesic properties of breast feeding are at least as potent as the combination of sweet solutions and a pacifier<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:sec>\n                    <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7379.13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,2]],"date-time":"2003-01-02T19:07:13Z","timestamp":1041534433000},"page":"13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":181,"title":["Analgesic effect of breast feeding in term neonates: randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"326","author":[{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Carbajal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soocramanien","family":"Veerapen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Couderc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myriam","family":"Jugie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Ville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122209184340000_326.7379.13.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.155.2.173"},{"key":"2025122209184340000_326.7379.13.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000013953"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025122209184340000_326.7379.13.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.101.2.e1","article-title":"A systematic review of lidocaine-prilocaine cream (EMLA) in the treatment of acute pain in neonates.","volume":"101","author":"Taddio","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025122209184340000_326.7379.13.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F209","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.79.3.F209","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of paracetamol of heel prick pain in neonates.","volume":"79","author":"Shah","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"2025122209184340000_326.7379.13.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevens B Taddio A Ohlsson A Einarson T . Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;(4):CD001069.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001069"},{"key":"2025122209184340000_326.7379.13.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1997.tb08872.x","article-title":"Analgesia in newborns given oral glucose.","volume":"86","author":"Skogsdal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2025122209184340000_326.7379.13.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7222.1393"},{"key":"2025122209184340000_326.7379.13.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00166-9"},{"key":"2025122209184340000_326.7379.13.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200204000-00010"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025122209184340000_326.7379.13.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E14","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.1.e14","article-title":"Skin-to-skin contact is analgesic in healthy newborns.","volume":"105","author":"Gray","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025122209184340000_326.7379.13.11","unstructured":"Franck L Lawhon G . Environmental and behavioral strategies to prevent and manage neonatal pain. In: Anand KJS Stevens BJ McGrath PJ eds. Pain in neonates. 2nd rev ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2000: 203\u2013216"},{"key":"2025122209184340000_326.7379.13.12","unstructured":"Prechtl HFR . The neurological examination of the full term newborn infant. In: Prechtl HFR ed. Clinics in developmental medicine. 2nd rev ed. 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