{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T11:19:56Z","timestamp":1785842396773,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7383","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,1]],"date-time":"2003-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1044057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To investigate whether size at birth and rate of fetal growth influence the risk of breast cancer in adulthood.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Cohort identified from detailed birth records, with 97% follow up.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Setting:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Uppsala Academic Hospital, Sweden.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Participants:<\/jats:bold>\n                    5358 singleton females born during 1915-29, alive and traced to the 1960 census.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Main outcome measures:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Incidence of breast cancer before (at age &lt;50 years) and after (\u2265 50 years) the menopause.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Size at birth was positively associated with rates of breast cancer in premenopausal women. In women who weighed \u22654000 g at birth rates of breast cancer were 3.5 times (95% confidence interval 1.3 to 9.3) those in women of similar gestational age who weighed &lt;3000 g at birth. Rates in women in the top fifths of the distributions of birth length and head circumference were 3.4 (1.5 to 7.9) and 4.0 (1.6 to 10.0) times those in the lowest fifths (adjusted for gestational age). The effect of birth weight disappeared after adjustment for birth length or head circumference, whereas the effects of birth length and head circumference remained significant after adjustment for birth weight. For a given size at birth, gestational age was inversely associated with risk (P=0.03 for linear trend). Adjustment for markers of adult risk factors did not affect these findings. Birth size was not associated with rates of breast cancer in postmenopausal women.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Size at birth, particularly length and head circumference, is associated with risk of breast cancer in women aged &lt;50 years. Fetal growth rate, as measured by birth size adjusted for gestational age, rather than size at birth may be the aetiologically relevant factor in premenopausal breast cancer.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:boxed-text position=\"float\">\n                      <jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>What is already known on this topic<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>There is some evidence that birth weight is related to risk of breast cancer<\/jats:p>\n                        <jats:p>The exact nature of any association and whether it differs at premenopausal and postmenopausal ages is unclear<\/jats:p>\n                        <jats:p>Few studies have examined the effect of other measures of birth size and of gestational age<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:sec>\n                      <jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>What this study adds<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>There are strong positive associations between measures of birth size and rates of breast cancer at premenopausal ages that persisted after adjustment for adult risk factors<\/jats:p>\n                        <jats:p>For a given birth size, gestational age was inversely associated with risk, suggesting that the rate of fetal growth may be aetiologically relevant to premenopausal breast cancer<\/jats:p>\n                        <jats:p>There was no association between birth characteristics and rates of breast cancer at postmenopausal ages<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:sec>\n                    <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7383.248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,30]],"date-time":"2003-01-30T18:25:28Z","timestamp":1043951128000},"page":"248","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["Fetal growth and subsequent risk of breast cancer: results from long term follow up of Swedish cohort"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"326","author":[{"given":"V A","family":"McCormack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I dos Santos","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B L","family":"De Stavola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Mohsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D A","family":"Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H O","family":"Lithell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122209545021000_326.7383.248.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91000-Z"},{"key":"2025122209545021000_326.7383.248.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1988.99","article-title":"Birth characteristics of premenopausal women with breast cancer.","volume":"57","author":"Le Marchand","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2025122209545021000_326.7383.248.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)93019-J"},{"key":"2025122209545021000_326.7383.248.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199601000-00007","article-title":"Perinatal factors and the risk of breast cancer.","volume":"7","author":"Sanderson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2025122209545021000_326.7383.248.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/89.1.71"},{"key":"2025122209545021000_326.7383.248.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.12.1121"},{"key":"2025122209545021000_326.7383.248.7","first-page":"207","article-title":"Early life factors in relation to breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women.","volume":"11","author":"Titus-Ernstoff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev"},{"key":"2025122209545021000_326.7383.248.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6600009","article-title":"Weight at birth and adolescence and premenopausal breast cancer risk in a low-risk population.","volume":"86","author":"Sanderson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2025122209545021000_326.7383.248.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6600011"},{"key":"2025122209545021000_326.7383.248.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)03102-9"},{"key":"2025122209545021000_326.7383.248.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.2000.1370"},{"key":"2025122209545021000_326.7383.248.12","unstructured":"Leon DA . Fetal growth and later disease: epidemiological evidence from Swedish cohorts. In: Shaughn O'Brien PM Wheller T Barker DJ eds. Fetal programming: influences on development and disease in later life. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Press, 1999."},{"key":"2025122209545021000_326.7383.248.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7153.241","article-title":"Reduced fetal growth rate and increased risk of death from ischaemic heart disease: cohort study of 15 000 Swedish men and women born 1915\u00e2\u0080\u009329.","volume":"317","author":"Leon","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025122209545021000_326.7383.248.14","unstructured":"Marubini E Valsecchi MG . Analysing survival data from clinical trials and observational studies. New York: Wiley, 1994."},{"key":"2025122209545021000_326.7383.248.15","unstructured":"Diggle P . Analysis of longitudinal data. 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