{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T10:19:59Z","timestamp":1791973199791,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7386","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,22]],"date-time":"2003-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1045872000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To summarise the evidence on accuracy of the Ottawa ankle rules, a decision aid for excluding fractures of the ankle and mid-foot.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Systematic review.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Data sources:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Electronic databases, reference lists of included studies, and experts.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Review methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Data were extracted on the study population, the type of Ottawa ankle rules used, and methods. Sensitivities, but not specificities, were pooled using the bootstrap after inspection of the receiver operating characteristics plot. Negative likelihood ratios were pooled for several subgroups, correcting for four main methodological threats to validity.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    32 studies met the inclusion criteria and 27 studies reporting on 15 581 patients were used for meta-analysis. The pooled negative likelihood ratios for the ankle and mid-foot were 0.08 (95% confidence interval 0.03 to 0.18) and 0.08 (0.03 to 0.20), respectively. The pooled negative likelihood ratio for both regions in children was 0.07 (0.03 to 0.18). Applying these ratios to a 15% prevalence of fracture gave a less than 1.4% probability of actual fracture in these subgroups.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Evidence supports the Ottawa ankle rules as an accurate instrument for excluding fractures of the ankle and mid-foot. The instrument has a sensitivity of almost 100% and a modest specificity, and its use should reduce the number of unnecessary radiographs by 30-40%.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:boxed-text position=\"float\">\n                      <jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>What is already known on this topic<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Although most patients with ankle sprains who present to emergency departments undergo radiography, less than 15% have a fracture<\/jats:p>\n                        <jats:p>The Ottawa ankle rules is a clinical decision aid designed to avoid unnecessary radiography<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:sec>\n                      <jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>What this paper adds<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>The Ottawa ankle rules is highly accurate at excluding ankle fractures after sprain injury<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:sec>\n                    <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7386.417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,20]],"date-time":"2003-02-20T18:38:25Z","timestamp":1045766305000},"page":"417","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":387,"title":["Accuracy of Ottawa ankle rules to exclude fractures of the ankle and mid-foot: systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"326","author":[{"given":"Lucas M","family":"Bachmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Kolb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael T","family":"Koller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johann","family":"Steurer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerben ter","family":"Riet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122210115211000_326.7386.417.1","first-page":"345","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of ankle inversion injuries in family practice offices.","volume":"37","author":"Smith","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"2025122210115211000_326.7386.417.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198202113060604","article-title":"A protocol for selecting patients with injured extremities who need x-rays.","volume":"306","author":"Brand","year":"1982","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025122210115211000_326.7386.417.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.282.6264.607"},{"key":"2025122210115211000_326.7386.417.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.293.6547.603"},{"key":"2025122210115211000_326.7386.417.5","first-page":"973","article-title":"Selective radiographic assessment of acute ankle injuries in the emergency department: barriers to implementation.","volume":"135","author":"Lloyd","year":"1986","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"2025122210115211000_326.7386.417.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.3.2.101"},{"key":"2025122210115211000_326.7386.417.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)82656-3"},{"key":"2025122210115211000_326.7386.417.8","unstructured":"Ottawa ankle rules for ankle injury radiography http:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/OHDEC\/ankle_rule\/flash_ankle_rule.htm (accessed 20 Apr 2002) ."},{"key":"2025122210115211000_326.7386.417.9","unstructured":"Cochrane Methods Group on systematic review of screening and diagnostic tests: recommended methods, last updated on 9 Feb, 1998 . http:\/\/www.cochrane.org\/cochrane\/sadtdoc1.htm (accessed 22 Aug 2002)."},{"key":"2025122210115211000_326.7386.417.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-120-8-199404150-00008"},{"key":"2025122210115211000_326.7386.417.11","unstructured":"Khan KS ter Riet G Popay J Nixon J Kleijnen J . 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