{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:08:19Z","timestamp":1792098499033,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7410","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,7]],"date-time":"2003-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1060214400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    To determine whether a short interval between pregnancies is an independent risk factor for adverse obstetric outcome.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\n                    Retrospective cohort study.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Setting<\/jats:bold>\n                    Scotland.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Subjects<\/jats:bold>\n                    89 143 women having second births in 1992-8 who conceived within five years of their first birth.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Main outcome measures<\/jats:bold>\n                    Intrauterine growth restriction (birth weight less than the 5th centile for gestational age), extremely preterm birth (24-32 weeks), moderately preterm birth (33-36 weeks), and perinatal death.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    Women whose subsequent interpregnancy interval was less than six months were more likely than other women to have had a first birth complicated by intrauterine growth restriction (odds ratio 1.3, 95% confidence interval 1.1 to 1.5), extremely preterm birth (4.1, 3.2 to 5.3), moderately preterm birth (1.5, 1.3 to 1.7), or perinatal death (24.4, 18.9 to 31.5). They were also shorter, less likely to be married, and more likely to be aged less than 20 years at the time of the second birth, to smoke, and to live in an area of high socioeconomic deprivation. When the outcome of the second birth was analysed in relation to the preceding interpregnancy interval and the analysis confined to women whose first birth was a term live birth (n = 69 055), no significant association occurred (adjusted for age, marital status, height, socioeconomic deprivation, smoking, previous birth weight vigesimal, and previous caesarean delivery) between interpregnancy interval and intrauterine growth restriction or stillbirth. However, a short interpregnancy interval (&lt; 6 months) was an independent risk factor for extremely preterm birth (adjusted odds ratio 2.2, 1.3 to 3.6), moderately preterm birth (1.6, 1.3 to 2.0), and neonatal death unrelated to congenital abnormality (3.6, 1.2 to 10.7). The adjusted attributable fractions for these associations were 6.1%, 3.9%, and 13.8%. The associations were very similar when the analysis was confined to married non-smokers aged 25 and above.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\n                    A short interpregnancy interval is an independent risk factor for preterm delivery and neonatal death in the second birth.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7410.313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,7]],"date-time":"2003-08-07T20:15:54Z","timestamp":1060287354000},"page":"313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":253,"title":["Interpregnancy interval and risk of preterm birth and neonatal death: retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"327","author":[{"given":"Gordon C S","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill P","family":"Pell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Dobbie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122212152103000_327.7410.313.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-999736","article-title":"Short interpregnancy interval: a risk factor for low birthweight.","volume":"4","author":"Brody","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"2025122212152103000_327.7410.313.2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The association of inter-pregnancy interval with small for gestational age births.","volume":"74","author":"Lieberman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025122212152103000_327.7410.313.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199501123320201"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"2025122212152103000_327.7410.313.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.11.s1.8.x","article-title":"The relationship of interpregnancy interval to infant birthweight and length of gestation among low-risk women, Georgia.","volume":"11","author":"Adams","year":"1997","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025122212152103000_327.7410.313.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)80010-0"},{"key":"2025122212152103000_327.7410.313.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009701","article-title":"Short interpregnancy intervals and the risk of adverse birth outcomes among five racial\/ethnic groups in the United States.","volume":"148","author":"Khoshnood","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025122212152103000_327.7410.313.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199902253400801"},{"key":"2025122212152103000_327.7410.313.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199905000-00010","article-title":"Effects of short interpregnancy intervals on small-for-gestational age and preterm births.","volume":"10","author":"Shults","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2025122212152103000_327.7410.313.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(99)00583-9"},{"key":"2025122212152103000_327.7410.313.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.118307"},{"key":"2025122212152103000_327.7410.313.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.32.2.124"},{"key":"2025122212152103000_327.7410.313.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.78.6.667","article-title":"Short interpregnancy interval and the risk of low birthweight.","volume":"78","author":"Klebanoff","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2025122212152103000_327.7410.313.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2001.080006532.x"},{"key":"2025122212152103000_327.7410.313.14","unstructured":"Cole SK . Scottish maternity and neonatal records. Chalmers I McIlwaine GM eds. Perinatal audit and surveillance. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 1980: 39\u201351."},{"key":"2025122212152103000_327.7410.313.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1985.tb01041.x","article-title":"A routine system for monitoring perinatal deaths in Scotland.","volume":"92","author":"McIlwaine","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"2025122212152103000_327.7410.313.16","unstructured":"Information and Statistics Division NHS Scotland . Scottish perinatal and infant mortality and morbidity report 2001. 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