{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T22:50:08Z","timestamp":1774133408408,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7442","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,25]],"date-time":"2004-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1080172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objectives<\/jats:bold>\n                    To establish changes over time in the frequency of homicides committed by strangers, and to describe the personal and clinical characteristics of perpetrators of stranger homicides.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\n                    Longitudinal study and national clinical survey.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Participants<\/jats:bold>\n                    People convicted of homicide in England and Wales between 1996 and 1999 and whether the victim was known to the perpetrator.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Setting<\/jats:bold>\n                    England and Wales.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Main outcome measure<\/jats:bold>\n                    Characteristics of perpetrators of homicides according to whether victims were strangers or not.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    Stranger homicides increased between 1967 and 1997, both in number and as a proportion of all homicides. No increase was found, however, in the number of perpetrators placed under a hospital order after homicide, whether all homicides or stranger homicides only. 358 of 1594 (22%) homicides were stranger homicides. In these cases the perpetrator was more likely to be male and young. The method of killing was more likely to be by hitting, kicking, or pushing (36% (130 of 358) for victims who were strangers to the perpetrator compared with 14% (145 of 1074) for victims who were known). Perpetrators were less likely to have a history of mental disorder (34%, n = 80 \u03bd 50%, n = 142), a history of contact with mental health services (16%, 37 of 234 \u03bd 24%, 200 of 824), and psychiatric symptoms at the time of the offence (6%, n = 14 \u03bd 18%, n = 143). They were more likely to have a history of drug misuse (47%, n = 93 \u03bd 37%, n = 272); alcohol (56%, n = 94 \u03bd 41%, n = 285) or drugs (24% n = 44 \u03bd 12%, n = 86) were more likely to have contributed to the offence.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\n                    Stranger homicides have increased, but the increase is not the result of homicides by mentally ill people and therefore the \u201ccare in the community\u201d policy. Stranger homicides are more likely to be related to alcohol or drug misuse by young men.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7442.734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,25]],"date-time":"2004-03-25T18:53:15Z","timestamp":1080240795000},"page":"734-737","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Mental illness in people who kill strangers: longitudinal study and national clinical survey"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"328","author":[{"given":"Jenny","family":"Shaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Amos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabelle M","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Flynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Turnbull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Navneet","family":"Kapur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Appleby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122511462026000_328.7442.734.1","unstructured":"Criminal Statistics England and Wales; 1999. London: Stationery Office, 2000."},{"key":"2025122511462026000_328.7442.734.2","first-page":"816","article-title":"How many psychiatric beds?","volume":"308","author":"Thornicroft","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025122511462026000_328.7442.734.3","unstructured":"Ritchie JH Dick D Lingham R . The report of the inquiry into the care and treatment of Christopher Clunis. London: HMSO, 1994."},{"key":"2025122511462026000_328.7442.734.4","first-page":"161","article-title":"Learning the lessons from homicide inquiries: adding insult to injury?","volume":"8","author":"Petch","year":"1997","journal-title":"J For Psych"},{"key":"2025122511462026000_328.7442.734.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.174.1.9"},{"key":"2025122511462026000_328.7442.734.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1007\/s001270050204","article-title":"The growing belief that people with mental illnesses are violent; the role of the dangerousness criterion for civil commitment.","volume":"33","author":"Phelan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025122511462026000_328.7442.734.7","unstructured":"Appleby L Shaw J Amos T Robinson J McCann K Parsons R . Safety first. The national confidential inquiry into suicide and homicide by people with mental illness. London: Department of Health, 2001."},{"key":"2025122511462026000_328.7442.734.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7193.1240","article-title":"Mental disorder and clinical care in people convicted of homicide: national clinical survey.","volume":"318","author":"Shaw","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["BMJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/data.bmj.org\/tdm\/10.1136\/bmj.328.7442.734","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.328.7442.734","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T19:46:31Z","timestamp":1766691991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.328.7442.734"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,25]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7442","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmj.328.7442.734"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.328.7442.734","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-8138","1468-5833"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-8138","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-5833","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,25]]}}}