{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T01:45:20Z","timestamp":1792287920823,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"BMJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]],"date-time":"2019-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>To determine whether restrictiveness-permissiveness of state gun laws or gun ownership are associated with mass shootings in the US.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Cross sectional time series.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Setting and population<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>US gun owners from 1998-2015.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Exposure<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>An annual rating between 0 (completely restrictive) and 100 (completely permissive) for the gun laws of all 50 states taken from a reference guide for gun owners traveling between states from 1998 to 2015. Gun ownership was estimated annually as the percentage of suicides committed with firearms in each state.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Main outcome measure<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Mass shootings were defined as independent events in which four or more people were killed by a firearm. Data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation\u2019s Uniform Crime Reporting System from 1998-2015 were used to calculate annual rates of mass shootings in each state. Mass shooting events and rates were further separated into those where the victims were immediate family members or partners (domestic) and those where the victims had other relationships with the perpetrator (non-domestic).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Fully adjusted regression analyses showed that a 10 unit increase in state gun law permissiveness was associated with a significant 11.5% (95% confidence interval 4.2% to 19.3%, P=0.002) higher rate of mass shootings. A 10% increase in state gun ownership was associated with a significant 35.1% (12.7% to 62.7%, P=0.001) higher rate of mass shootings. Partially adjusted regression analyses produced similar results, as did analyses restricted to domestic and non-domestic mass shootings.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>States with more permissive gun laws and greater gun ownership had higher rates of mass shootings, and a growing divide appears to be emerging between restrictive and permissive states.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]],"date-time":"2019-03-07T04:55:15Z","timestamp":1551934515000},"page":"l542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["State gun laws, gun ownership, and mass shootings in the US: cross sectional time series"],"prefix":"10.1136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1703-6379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul M","family":"Reeping","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Cerd\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bindu","family":"Kalesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas J","family":"Wiebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Galea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles C","family":"Branas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20190314145725_ref1","article-title":"Effect of Gun Culture and Firearm Laws on Gun Violence and Mass Shootings in the United States: A Multi-Level Quantitative Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Lemieux","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences."},{"key":"key20190314145725_ref2","first-page":"5","article-title":"The science of gun policy: a critical synthesis of research evidence on the effects of gun policies in the United States","volume":"8","author":"Morrall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rand Health Q"},{"key":"key20190314145725_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2776657"},{"key":"key20190314145725_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13504851.2014.939367"},{"key":"key20190314145725_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/108876702237341"},{"key":"key20190314145725_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.1286"},{"key":"key20190314145725_ref7"},{"key":"key20190314145725_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302465"},{"key":"key20190314145725_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1943-278X.1982.tb00935.x"},{"key":"key20190314145725_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(03)00212-5"},{"key":"key20190314145725_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.02.008"},{"key":"key20190314145725_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2005.02.003"},{"key":"key20190314145725_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.12.1988"},{"key":"key20190314145725_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2005.010850"},{"key":"key20190314145725_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301409"},{"key":"key20190314145725_ref16","volume-title":"Traveler's Guide to the Firearm Laws of the Fifty States (1997-2018)","author":"Kappas","year":"2018"},{"key":"key20190314145725_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022427803256229"},{"key":"key20190314145725_ref18","first-page":"1721","article-title":"International correlations between gun ownership and rates of homicide and suicide","volume":"148","author":"Killias","year":"1993","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"key20190314145725_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315130644","volume-title":"Targeting guns: Firearms and their control","author":"Kleck","year":"2017"},{"key":"key20190314145725_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1943-278X.1988.tb00151.x"},{"key":"key20190314145725_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1990.67.2.490"},{"key":"key20190314145725_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200012000-00001"},{"key":"key20190314145725_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.6.969"},{"key":"key20190314145725_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200202000-00011"},{"key":"key20190314145725_ref25","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. 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