{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:17:43Z","timestamp":1789777063889,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"BMJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599004800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the associations between personal use of permanent hair dyes and cancer risk and mortality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting and participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>117\u2009200 women enrolled in the Nurses\u2019 Health Study, an ongoing prospective cohort study of female nurses in the United States. The women were free of cancer at baseline, reported information on personal use of permanent hair dyes, and were followed for 36 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Exposure<\/jats:title><jats:p>Status, duration, frequency, and integral use (cumulative dose calculated from duration and frequency) of permanent hair dyes. Age at first use and time since first use of permanent hair dyes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Associations of personal use of permanent hair dyes with risk of overall cancer and specific cancers, and cancer related death. Age and multivariable adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated by using Cox proportional hazard models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ever users of permanent hair dyes had no significant increases in risk of solid cancers (n=20\u2009805, excluding non-melanoma skin cancers; hazard ratio 0.98, 95% confidence interval 0.96 to 1.01) or hematopoietic cancers overall (n=1807; 1.00, 0.91 to 1.10) compared with non-users. Additionally, ever users did not have an increased risk of most specific cancers (cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, bladder cancer, melanoma, estrogen receptor positive breast cancer, progesterone receptor positive breast cancer, hormone receptor positive breast cancer, brain cancer, colorectal cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancer, and most of the major subclasses and histological subtypes of hematopoietic cancer) or cancer related death (n=4860; 0.96, 0.91 to 1.02). Basal cell carcinoma risk was slightly increased for ever users (n=22\u2009560; 1.05, 1.02 to 1.08). Cumulative dose was positively associated with risk of estrogen receptor negative breast cancer, progesterone receptor negative breast cancer, hormone receptor negative breast cancer, and ovarian cancer. An increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma was observed only for women with naturally dark hair (based on 70 women, 24 with dark hair), and a higher risk of basal cell carcinoma was observed for women with naturally light hair.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>No positive association was found between personal use of permanent hair dye and risk of most cancers and cancer related mortality. The increased risk of basal cell carcinoma, breast cancer (estrogen receptor negative, progesterone receptor negative, hormone receptor negative) and ovarian cancer, and the mixed findings in analyses stratified by natural hair color warrant further investigation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T04:00:29Z","timestamp":1599105629000},"page":"m2942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Personal use of permanent hair dyes and cancer risk and mortality in US women: prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6367-6583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7550-5498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brenda M","family":"Birmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiali","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward L","family":"Giovannucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank E","family":"Speizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meir J","family":"Stampfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard A","family":"Rosner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4337-9415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva S","family":"Schernhammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020090221100419000_370.sep02_8.m2942.1","unstructured":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans. Some aromatic amines, organic dyes, and related exposures. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Volume 99. Lyon, 2010."},{"key":"2020090221100419000_370.sep02_8.m2942.2","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute. Hair dyes and cancer risk. 2016 https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/causes-prevention\/risk\/myths\/hair-dyes-fact-sheet ."},{"key":"2020090221100419000_370.sep02_8.m2942.3","unstructured":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Occupational exposures of hairdressers and barbers and personal use of hair colourants; some hair dyes, cosmetic colourants, industrial dyestuffs and aromatic amines. Volume 57. Lyon. 1993."},{"key":"2020090221100419000_370.sep02_8.m2942.4","unstructured":"The U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Hair dyes. 2019 https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/cosmetics\/cosmetic-products\/hair-dyes ."},{"key":"2020090221100419000_370.sep02_8.m2942.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1979.03300230007006"},{"key":"2020090221100419000_370.sep02_8.m2942.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.20.2516"},{"key":"2020090221100419000_370.sep02_8.m2942.7","unstructured":"American Cancer Society. Hair dyes. 2019 https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/cancer\/cancer-causes\/hair-dyes.html."},{"key":"2020090221100419000_370.sep02_8.m2942.8","unstructured":"American Cancer Society. 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