{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:42:50Z","timestamp":1792651370036,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":216,"publisher":"BMJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]],"date-time":"2021-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627257600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/bmj.com\/coronavirus\/usage"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Since its emergence in Wuhan, China, covid-19 has spread and had a profound effect on the lives and health of people around the globe. As of 4 July 2021, more than 183 million confirmed cases of covid-19 had been recorded worldwide, and 3.97 million deaths. Recent evidence has shown that a range of persistent symptoms can remain long after the acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, and this condition is now coined long covid by recognized research institutes. Studies have shown that long covid can affect the whole spectrum of people with covid-19, from those with very mild acute disease to the most severe forms. Like acute covid-19, long covid can involve multiple organs and can affect many systems including, but not limited to, the respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems. The symptoms of long covid include fatigue, dyspnea, cardiac abnormalities, cognitive impairment, sleep disturbances, symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, muscle pain, concentration problems, and headache. This review summarizes studies of the long term effects of covid-19 in hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients and describes the persistent symptoms they endure. Risk factors for acute covid-19 and long covid and possible therapeutic options are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]],"date-time":"2021-07-26T06:40:11Z","timestamp":1627281611000},"page":"n1648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1343,"title":["Long covid\u2014mechanisms, risk factors, and management"],"prefix":"10.1136","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04842448","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04695704","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04652518","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04810065","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04841759","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04401150","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04809974","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04604704","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04813718","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04691895","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04343651","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04347239","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04678830","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04330638","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04795557","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Harry","family":"Crook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanara","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Nowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Edison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Weekly operational update on COVID-19\u20144 July 2021. Weekly operational update on COVID-19 - 5 July 2021 (who.int)"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1091"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim GU, Kim MJ, et al. Clinical characteristics of asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with mild covid-19. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020;26:948e1-3.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.04.040"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01169"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-06001-y"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.9","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19 NICE guideline; c2020. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng188"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.22717"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100683"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-020-05084-3"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.10.14.20212555"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000620"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12603"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-215818"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26368"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6930e1"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00542-2020"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240784"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2020.1379"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820939538"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.3557"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2008597"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092946"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-216086"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.27","first-page":"00655","article-title":"Chest radiography is a poor predictor of respiratory symptoms and functional impairment in survivors of severe COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"7","author":"D' Cruz","year":"2020","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.106197"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.05.004"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01429-6"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savarraj JPJ, Burkett AB, Hinds SN, et al. Three-month outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. MedRxiv 2020 [preprint] 10.16.20211029.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.10.16.20211029"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01546-2"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valiente-De S, P\u00e9rez-Camacho I, Sobrino B, et al. Clinical and immunoserological status 12 weeks after infection with COVID-19: prospective observational study. MedRxiv [preprint] 2020. 2020.10.06.20206060.","DOI":"10.23880\/EIJ-16000167"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01292-y"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215120001826"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26459"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.07.037"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.09.25.20201343"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.39","article-title":"Prolonged complaints of chemosensory loss after COVID-19","volume":"67","author":"Fjaeldstad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dan Med J"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eiros R, Barreiro-Perez M, Martin-Garcia A, et al. Pericarditis and myocarditis long after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a cross-sectional descriptive study in health-care workers. MedRxiv [preprint] 2020. 2020.07.12.20151316.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.12.20151316"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.09.023"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-06338-4"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.13746"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113604"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.08.014"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.09.052"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2020.1811999"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100463"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.117486"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32656-8"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-5661"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis HE Assaf GS McCorkell L . Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. MedRxiv 2020;12.24.20248802.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.12.24.20248802"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.53","unstructured":"UK Office for National Statistics. Prevalence of long COVID symptoms and COVID-19 complications. 2020. https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/healthandsocialcare\/healthandlifeexpectancies\/datasets\/prevalenceoflongcovidsymptomsandcovid19complications"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg3055"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.55","unstructured":"UK Government. NERVTAG: update note on B.1.1.7 severity, 11 February 2021. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/nervtag-update-note-on-b117-severity-11-february-2021"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.56","unstructured":"UK Government. Variants: distribution of cases data. 2021. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/covid-19-variants-genomically-confirmed-case-numbers\/variants-distribution-of-cases-data"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.57","unstructured":"cov-lineages.org . B.1.1.7. 2021 https:\/\/cov-lineages.org\/global_report_B.1.1.7.html"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.58","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. SARS-CoV-2 variant classifications and definitions. 2021. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/cases-updates\/variant-surveillance\/variant-info.html"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.59","unstructured":"Garner P. BMJ Opinion. Paul Garner: For 7 weeks I have been through a roller coaster of ill health, extreme emotions, and utter exhaustion. 2020. https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2020\/05\/05\/paul-garner-people-who-have-a-more-protracted-illness-need-help-to-understand-and-cope-with-the-constantly-shifting-bizarre-symptoms\/"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16307.1"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.12.1312"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21641846.2020.1778227"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110469"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-020-04973-x"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14478"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020941889"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00321.2020"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200445"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2017.05.007"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15794-2"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57050418"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01217-2020"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858420941476"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2015432"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/XST-200685"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.636298"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2021203153"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202005-1583OC"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63658-9"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14830"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.0950"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.4916"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccas.2021.01.009"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19102\/icrm.2020.111102"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-020-00727-9"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-020-00733-x"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2020-0896"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0360-5"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abf7872"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1828"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-020-10037-x"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.05.017"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047549"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2020.05.001"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108384"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2020.12.007"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-020-00978-4"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30287-X"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.116969"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.102","unstructured":"Maxwell E. National Institute for Health Research. Living with Covid-19: a dynamic review of the evidence around ongoing covid-19 symptoms (often called Long Covid). 2020. https:\/\/evidence.nihr.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Living-with-Covid-Themed-Review-October-2020.pdf"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.103","unstructured":"Sleat D, Wain R, Miller B. Long covid: reviewing the science and assessing the risk. Tony Blair Institute for Global Change. 2020. https:\/\/institute.global\/sites\/default\/files\/articles\/Long-Covid-Reviewing-the-Science-and-Assessing-the-Risk.pdf"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.104","unstructured":"The Royal Society. Long Covid: what is it, and what is needed? 2020. https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/-\/media\/policy\/projects\/set-c\/set-c-long-covid.pdf?la=en-GB&hash=AD0672CAB24E1ECD14C2B1781A793F25"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30062-6"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1301372"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317055"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27024"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-020-00640-3"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2021.3"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30462-4"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15290"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610220004135"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610220001088"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.579842"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.585540"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113297"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.10.034"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e367"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103722"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110371"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04575-3"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.027"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009937"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493020943815"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2020.1811894"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01283-z"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc5801"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-020-0074-x"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milanetti M, Miotto M, Rienzo LD. Monti M, Gosti G, Ruocco G. In-silico evidence for two receptors based strategy of SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv [preprint] 2020:11107.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.24.006197"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102280"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-2376-9"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6775"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.05.006"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020030276"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2020.04.021"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.04.040"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112151-20200401-00278"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.12.078"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12890\/2020_001747"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-020-00230-w"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0000000000000153"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201602-0420CP"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.048"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.146","first-page":"507","article-title":"Involvement of the exocrine pancreas during COVID-19 infection and possible pathogenetic hypothesis: a concise review","volume":"28","author":"Zippi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infez Med"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008280"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.017"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X18666200712175535"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-3689"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002424"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.12.026"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2155"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.01.004"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-01947-0"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.156","unstructured":"World Health Organization. A coordinated global research roadmap. 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/a-coordinated-global-research-roadmap"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.157","unstructured":"World Health Organization. COVID-19 clinical management: living guidance. 2021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-2019-nCoV-clinical-2021-1"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.158","unstructured":"National Institute of Health. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment guidelines. 2021. https:\/\/www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov\/"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.159","unstructured":"USnews.com. CDC expected to release guidance on identifying, managing long COVID. 2021. https:\/\/www.usnews.com\/news\/health-news\/articles\/2021-05-07\/cdc-to-release-clinical-guidance-on-identifying-managing-long-covid"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.160","unstructured":"Escardio.org. ESC guidance for the diagnosis and management of CV disease during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2020. https:\/\/www.escardio.org\/Education\/COVID-19-and-Cardiology\/ESC-COVID-19-Guidance"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.161","unstructured":"Lauhio A. Postinfectious syndromes. EBM guidelines.com. 2017. https:\/\/www.ebm-guidelines.com\/go\/ebm\/ebm01118.html"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.162","unstructured":"Mayoclinic.org. Shortness of breath. 2020. https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/symptoms\/shortness-of-breath\/basics\/when-to-see-doctor\/sym-20050890"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008250.pub2"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003793.pub3"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.38.8.595"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.57.11.939"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.167","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in adults: diagnosis and management clinical guideline. 2017. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/cg163"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2020.104025"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.169","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Bronchiectasis (non-cystic fibrosis), acute exacerbation: antimicrobial prescribing NICE guideline. 2018. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng117"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13398"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-20-753"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.172","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Stable angina: management clinical guideline. 2016. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/Guidance\/CG126"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.173","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Atrial fibrillation: diagnosis and management NICE guideline. 2021. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng196"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.174","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute coronary syndromes NICE guideline. 2020. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng185"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.05.013"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/4462"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.12.029"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.178","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic fatigue syndrome\/myalgic encephalomyelitis (or encephalopathy): diagnosis and management clinical guideline. 2007. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/Guidance\/CG53"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.179","unstructured":"ME Association. ME Association statement on the NICE clinical guideline for ME\/CFS and the NICE guideline for post\/long covid-19. 2020. https:\/\/meassociation.org.uk\/2020\/10\/me-association-statement-on-the-nice-clinical-guideline-for-me-cfs-and-the-nice-guideline-for-post-long-covid-19\/"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.180","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Myalgic encephalomyelitis (or encephalopathy)\/chronic fatigue syndrome: diagnosis and management\u2014in development [GID-NG10091]. 2021. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/indevelopment\/gid-ng10091"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0141076820951545"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2055102919840614"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.13099"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare8040552"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181a0c95c"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.186","article-title":"Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Larun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.187","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Statement about graded exercise therapy in the context of COVID-19. 2020. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/gid-ng10091\/documents\/statement"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2933"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4321-8"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.190","unstructured":"Physiotherapy.ca. Rehabilitation for patients with COVID-19. Guidance for occupational therapists, physical therapists, speech-language pathologists and assistants. 2020. https:\/\/physiotherapy.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/final_rehabilitation_for_patients_with_covid_19_apr-08-2020_clean_133pm.pdf"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1726"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.192","unstructured":"Mayo Clinic . Chemo brain. 2021. https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/chemo-brain\/diagnosis-treatment\/drc-20351065"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.193","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Insomnia: how should I assess a person with suspected insomnia? 2021. https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/insomnia\/diagnosis\/assessment\/"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.194","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Guidance on the use of zaleplon, zolpidem and zopiclone for the short-term management of insomnia. 2004. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/Guidance\/TA77"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2017.1315864"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2015.08.009"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1836-9553(12)70106-6"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.198","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults: recognition and management clinical guideline. 2009. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/CG90"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.199","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Social anxiety disorder: recognition, assessment and treatment clinical guideline. 2013. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/CG159"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.200","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Post-traumatic stress disorder NICE guideline. 2018. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng116"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2020.152174"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.202","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Common mental health problems: identification and pathways to care clinical guideline. 2011. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/cg123"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2021.1887264"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01880211"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.173897"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1696"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chenchula S, Ray A, Sadasivam B. Famotidine repurposing for novel corona virus disease of 2019: a systematic review. Drug Res 2021. https:\/\/pesquisa.bvsalud.org\/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov\/resource\/en\/covidwho-1146573.","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1397-6763"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.208","first-page":"1","article-title":"Molecular basis for the repurposing of histamine H2-receptor antagonist to treat COVID-19","volume":"Jan 25","author":"Ishola","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Biomol Struct Dyn"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01021-4"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0632-1"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041154"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.06.004"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15284336.2018.1452842"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.10.101"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2005615117"},{"key":"2021080309400862000_374.jul26_1.n1648.216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198108"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1944","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627948800000}}],"container-title":["BMJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/data.bmj.org\/tdm\/10.1136\/bmj.n1648","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.n1648","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T08:39:58Z","timestamp":1672907998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.n1648"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]]},"references-count":216,"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmj.n1648"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n1648","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-1833"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-1833","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]]}}}