{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T09:58:13Z","timestamp":1768643893811,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"BMJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"abstract":"<jats:p>My list of medically related anniversaries for 2026 (events in years ending \u201926 and\u201976) includes:<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\u2022 Births: Ab\u016b al-Wal\u012bd Mu\u1e25ammad ibn A\u1e25mad ibn Rushd, the physician better known as Averroes (1126); the Flemish botanist Charles de L'Ecluse (Carolus Clusius) (1576); Amadeo Avogadro, Italian physicist (1776); Johann Spurzheim, German physician (1776); George Birkbeck, English physician (1776).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    \u2022 Deaths: Francis Bacon (1626); Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, French lawyer and gastronome (1826); Friedrich Wilhelm Wei\u00df, German physician and composer (1826); Ren\u00e9 La\u00ebnnec, French physician (1826); Philippe Pinel, French physician (1826); Walter Channing, American physician (1876); Victor Babe\n                    <jats:bold>\u0219,<\/jats:bold>\n                    Romanian physician and bacteriologist (1926); William Bateson, English biologist (1926); Emile Cou\u00e9, French pharmacist and psychologist (1926); Camillo Golgi, Italian anatomist (1926); Emil Kraepelin, German psychiatrist (1926); Einar Aaser, Norwegian physician (1976); Andrew Arthur Abbie, Australian anatomist and anthropologist (1976); Jacques Monod, molecular biologist (1976); George Whipple, American physician (1976); Alexander S Wiener, American physician (1976).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    \u2022 Biomedical texts published:\n                    <jats:italic>Observationes medicae circa morborum acutorum historiam et curationem<\/jats:italic>\n                    by Thomas Sydenham (1676);\n                    <jats:italic>A Comment on Forty two Histories Discribed [sic] by Hippocrates in the First and Third Books of his Epidemics<\/jats:italic>\n                    by John Floyer (1726);\n                    <jats:italic>The botanical arrangement of all the vegetables naturally growing in Great Britain<\/jats:italic>\n                    by William Withering (1776);\n                    <jats:italic>De generis humani varietate nativa<\/jats:italic>\n                    by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1776);\n                    <jats:italic>L'uomo delinquente<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Criminal Man<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) by Cesare Lombroso (1876);\n                    <jats:italic>Geographical distribution of animals<\/jats:italic>\n                    by Alfred Wallace (1876);\n                    <jats:italic>The theory of the gene<\/jats:italic>\n                    by Thomas Hunt Morgan (1926).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\u2022 Clinical therapies introduced: George Richards Minot and William Parry Murphy (treatment of pernicious anaemia with liver, 1926).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\u2022 Biochemical and bacteriological observations: Karl Wilhelm Scheele (uric acid in kidney stones, 1776); Otto Unverborden (discovery of aniline, 1826); Robert Koch (the anthrax bacillus, 1876); James Batcheller Sumner (crystallisation of jackbean urease, 1926).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    \u2022 Establishment of the Edinburgh Medical School (1726) and of\n                    <jats:italic>The Body Shop<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Anita Roddick, 1976).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\u2022 Epidemics of typhus in Spain (1576) and Ebola virus infection in Yambuku, Zaire (1976).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\u2022 Nobel prizes for physiology or medicine awarded to Baruch Samuel Blumberg for identifying Australia antigen as an indicator in the blood of hepatitis B and to Daniel Carleton Gajdusek for his work on the origin and spread of infectious diseases, particularly slow virus infections and specifically kuru (both 1926), and to Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger for discovering the Spiroptera carcinoma (1976).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.s58","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T20:10:14Z","timestamp":1767989414000},"page":"s58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["When I use a word . . . Medical anniversaries in 2026"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"392","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1139-655X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey K","family":"Aronson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evidence Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010916100659000_392.jan09_13.s58.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.r61"},{"key":"2026010916100659000_392.jan09_13.s58.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000338262.42326.A1"},{"key":"2026010916100659000_392.jan09_13.s58.3","unstructured":"Smit P. Carolus Clusius and the beginning of botany in Leiden University. Janus 1973; 60(1-2-3): 87-92. PMID: 11610143."},{"key":"2026010916100659000_392.jan09_13.s58.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025727300009467"},{"key":"2026010916100659000_392.jan09_13.s58.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0964704X.2019.1683430"},{"key":"2026010916100659000_392.jan09_13.s58.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.288.6418.696"},{"key":"2026010916100659000_392.jan09_13.s58.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rupke N Lauer G , eds. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach. Race and Natural History, 1750-1850. Routledge, 2019.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315184777"},{"key":"2026010916100659000_392.jan09_13.s58.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1995.364"},{"key":"2026010916100659000_392.jan09_13.s58.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025727300048900"},{"key":"2026010916100659000_392.jan09_13.s58.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720004183"},{"key":"2026010916100659000_392.jan09_13.s58.11","first-page":"374","article-title":"Channing and Simpson in Edinburgh","volume":"30","author":"Thoms","year":"1958","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"2026010916100659000_392.jan09_13.s58.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2013.09.011"},{"key":"2026010916100659000_392.jan09_13.s58.13","first-page":"651","article-title":"Geschichte der Psychiatrie: Cesare Lombroso und der geborene Verbrecher","volume":"82","author":"Knecht","year":"1993","journal-title":"Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax"},{"key":"2026010916100659000_392.jan09_13.s58.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1601072113"},{"key":"2026010916100659000_392.jan09_13.s58.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.12.003"},{"key":"2026010916100659000_392.jan09_13.s58.16","unstructured":"Bateson B . William Bateson F.R.S. Naturalist. His Essay And Addresses, Together with a Short Account of his Life. Cambridge at the University Press, 1928: 93."},{"key":"2026010916100659000_392.jan09_13.s58.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2025.10491"},{"key":"2026010916100659000_392.jan09_13.s58.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/279629"},{"key":"2026010916100659000_392.jan09_13.s58.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1926.02680070016005"},{"key":"2026010916100659000_392.jan09_13.s58.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)77266-4"},{"key":"2026010916100659000_392.jan09_13.s58.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2016.01.005"},{"key":"2026010916100659000_392.jan09_13.s58.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2008.05.007"},{"key":"2026010916100659000_392.jan09_13.s58.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-230X(04)92001-5"},{"key":"2026010916100659000_392.jan09_13.s58.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anonymous. After Marburg, Ebola. Lancet 1977 Mar 12; 1(8011): 581-2. PMID: 65668.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)92008-6"}],"container-title":["BMJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/data.bmj.org\/tdm\/10.1136\/bmj.s58","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.s58","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:10:14Z","timestamp":1768003814000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.s58"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmj.s58"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.s58","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-1833"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-1833","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]}}}