{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:49:31Z","timestamp":1786740571701,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,25]],"date-time":"2020-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603584000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional","award":["PI11\/02403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI11\/02403"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Diab Res Care"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prenatal growth restraint followed by rapid postnatal weight gain increases lifelong diabetes risk. Epigenetic dysregulation in critical windows could exert long-term effects on metabolism and confer such risk.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Research design and methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a genome-wide DNA methylation profiling in peripheral blood from infants born appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA, n=30) or small-for-gestational-age (SGA, n=21, with postnatal catch-up) at age 12 months, to identify new genes that may predispose to metabolic dysfunction. Candidate genes were validated by bisulfite pyrosequencing in the entire cohort. All infants were followed since birth; cord blood methylation profiling was previously reported. Endocrine-metabolic variables and body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) were assessed at birth and at 12 and 24 months.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                     <jats:italic>GPR120<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>cg14582356<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cg01272400<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cg23654127<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cg03629447<\/jats:italic>), <jats:italic>NKX6.1<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>cg22598426<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cg07688460<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cg17444738<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cg12076463<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cg10457539<\/jats:italic>), <jats:italic>CPT1A (cg14073497, cg00941258, cg12778395<\/jats:italic>) and <jats:italic>IGFBP 4<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>cg15471812<\/jats:italic>) genes were hypermethylated (<jats:italic>GPR120<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>NKX6.1<\/jats:italic> were also hypermethylated in cord blood), whereas <jats:italic>CHGA (cg13332653<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cg15480367<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cg05700406)<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>FABP5<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>cg00696973<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cg10563714<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cg16128701<\/jats:italic>), <jats:italic>CTRP1<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>cg19231170<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cg19472078<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cg0164309<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cg07162665<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cg17758081<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cg18996910<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cg06709009<\/jats:italic>), <jats:italic>GAS6<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>N\/A<\/jats:italic>), <jats:italic>ONECUT1<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>cg14217069<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cg02061705<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cg26158897<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cg06657050<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cg15446043<\/jats:italic>) and <jats:italic>SLC2A8<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>cg20758474<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cg19021975<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cg11312566<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cg12281690<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cg04016166<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cg03804985<\/jats:italic>) genes were hypomethylated in SGA infants. These genes were related to \u03b2-cell development and function, inflammation, and glucose and lipid metabolism and associated with body mass index, body composition, and markers of insulin resistance at 12 and 24 months.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In conclusion, at 12 months, abnormal methylation of <jats:italic>GPR120<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>NKX6.1<\/jats:italic> persists and new epigenetic marks further involved in adipogenesis and energy homeostasis arise in SGA infants. These abnormalities may contribute to metabolic dysfunction and diabetes risk later in life.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T16:16:49Z","timestamp":1603729009000},"page":"e001402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Differential DNA methylation profile in infants born small-for-gestational-age: association with markers of adiposity and insulin resistance from birth to age 24 months"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Diaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Department, Institut Pedi\u00e0tric Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, University of Barcelona, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, 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