{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:27:37Z","timestamp":1792787257189,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624406400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai United Developing Technology Project","award":["SHDC12016108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC12016108"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003395","name":"Shanghai Municipal Education Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20161430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20161430"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003395","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Diab Res Care"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Saliva collection is a non-invasive test and is convenient. 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) is a new indicator reflecting short-term blood glucose levels. This study aimed to explore the relationship between saliva 1,5-AG and insulin secretion function and insulin sensitivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Research design and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Adult patients with type 2 diabetes who were hospitalized were enrolled. Based on blood glucose and C-peptide, homeostasis model assessment 2 for \u03b2 cell secretion function, C-peptidogenic index (CGI), \u25b32-hour C-peptide (2hCP)\/\u25b32-hour postprandial glucose (2hPG), ratio of 0\u201330\u2009min area under the curve for C-peptide and area under the curve for glucose (AUC\n                      <jats:sub>CP30<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/AUC\n                      <jats:sub>PG30<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), and AUC\n                      <jats:sub>2hCP<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/AUC\n                      <jats:sub>2hPG<\/jats:sub>\n                      were calculated to evaluate insulin secretion function, while indicators such as homeostasis model assessment 2 for insulin resistance were used to assess insulin sensitivity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We included 284 subjects (178 men and 106 women) with type 2 diabetes aged 20\u201370 years. The saliva 1,5-AG level was 0.133 (0.089\u20130.204)\u2009\u00b5g\/mL. Spearman\u2019s correlation analysis revealed a significantly negative correlation between saliva 1,5-AG and 0, 30, and 120\u2009min blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin A\n                      <jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and glycated albumin (all p&lt;0.05), and a significantly positive association between saliva 1,5-AG and CGI (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.171, p=0.004) and AUC\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:sub>CP30<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      \/AUC\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:sub>PG30<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.174, p=0.003). The above correlations still existed after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and diabetes duration. In multiple linear regression, saliva 1,5-AG was an independent factor of CGI (standardized\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.135, p=0.015) and AUC\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:sub>CP30<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      \/AUC\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:sub>PG30<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      (standardized\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.110, p=0.020).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Saliva 1,5-AG was related to CGI and AUC\n                      <jats:sub>CP30<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/AUC\n                      <jats:sub>PG30<\/jats:sub>\n                      in patients with type 2 diabetes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ChiCTR-SOC-17011356.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2021-002199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T12:16:14Z","timestamp":1624536974000},"page":"e002199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Saliva 1,5-anhydroglucitol is associated with early-phase insulin secretion in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Lingwen","family":"Ying","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaohui","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aihua","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1534-2279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4754-3470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuqian","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, 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