{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:26:29Z","timestamp":1793319989404,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692144000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012691","name":"OLVI-S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not applicable"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008376","name":"Helsingin ja Uudenmaan Sairaanhoitopiiri","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not applicable"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008376","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open access funded by Helsinki University Library"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Diab Res Care"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the degree to which socioeconomic differences in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are accounted for by differences in maternal risk factors, to assess whether age-related risks of GDM differ across socioeconomic groups, and to identify priority populations for future interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Research design and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a register-based study using data from the Finnish Medical Birth Register and Statistics Finland on the 474 166 women who gave birth in Finland from 2008 to 2015. We collected information on GDM based on the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision codes O24.4 and O24.9. We used multivariable models to examine the association between socioeconomic status, maternal risk factors, and GDM. We further tested interaction on multiplicative and additive scales.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The incidence of GDM was 8.7% in 2008\u20132011 and 12.5% in 2012\u20132015. Lower socioeconomic levels than upper level employees were associated with an increased risk of GDM. Up to 64.0% of socioeconomic differences in GDM were attributed to body mass index and 5.5% to smoking. There was evidence for effect modification. Relative to women in the upper level category who were aged less than 19 years, GDM adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for women 35 years or older in upper level versus long-term unemployed groups were 3.28 (2.08\u20135.18) and 5.29 (3.35\u20138.35), respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a paradox that socioeconomic advantage increases the incidence of GDM at the population level while reducing the incidence of GDM within the population. Nevertheless, socioeconomic differences in GDM persist and widen with increasing maternal age, even after accounting for maternal risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2022-003278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T13:21:00Z","timestamp":1692192060000},"page":"e003278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Socioeconomic status, maternal risk factors, and gestational diabetes mellitus across reproductive years: a Finnish register-based study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7337-640X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Roustaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanna","family":"Anttonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Care and Social Services, Tampere University of Applied Sciences, Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sari","family":"R\u00e4is\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Care and Social Services, Tampere University of Applied Sciences, Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Gissler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Knowledge Brokers, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Academic Primary Health Care Centre, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seppo","family":"Heinonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025073113042825000_11.4.e003278.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31527-6"},{"key":"2025073113042825000_11.4.e003278.2","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation . 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