{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T20:45:22Z","timestamp":1794602722825,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":50,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100025520","name":"Medical Research Future Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ARGCHDG0000028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARGCHDG0000028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100025520","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Diab Res Care"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2026-006465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T11:15:14Z","timestamp":1792581314000},"page":"e006465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD): a study from the Australian National CHD Registry"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7698-4278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larissa","family":"Lloyd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Group, The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Cardiology Department, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calum","family":"Nicholson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Group, The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Cardiology Department, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoff","family":"Strange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Group, The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Cardiology Department, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Stephen","family":"Celermajer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Group, The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Cardiology Department, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.08.025"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.47.3.606"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.21.2637"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.81.1.57","article-title":"Outpatient clinics for adults with congenital heart disease: increasing workload and evolving patterns of referral","volume":"81","author":"Gatzoulis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.03.085"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.627224"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176275","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"21","author":"Galicia-Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2991\/jegh.k.191028.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes - Global Burden of Disease and Forecasted Trends","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30186-9","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults","volume":"6","author":"Lascar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20420188251362011","article-title":"Global epidemiology and burden of type 2 diabetes in adults aged 55 and older: insights from 1990 to 2021","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjr.0000197472.81694.2b"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2024.131833","article-title":"Incidence of diabetes mellitus and effect on mortality in adults with congenital heart disease","volume":"401","author":"Bj\u00f6rk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.003076","article-title":"Congenital Heart Disease With and Without Cyanotic Potential and the Long-term Risk of Diabetes Mellitus: A Population-Based Follow-up Study","volume":"5","author":"Madsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.14","first-page":"344","article-title":"High mortality and morbidity among adults with congenital heart disease and type 2 diabetes","volume":"49","author":"Dellborg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand Cardiovasc J"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.15","article-title":"A national Australian Congenital Heart Disease registry; methods and initial results","volume":"17","author":"Nicholson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol Congenit Heart Dis"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.16","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare . Pharmaceutical benefits scheme data collection. 2024. Available: https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/about-our-data\/our-data-collections\/pharmaceutical-benefits-scheme"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.17","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare . Medicare benefits schedule data collection. 2024. Available: https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/about-our-data\/our-data-collections\/medicare-benefits-schedule-mbs"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.18","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare . National death index (NDI). 2023. Available: https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/about-our-data\/our-data-collections\/national-death-index"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.19","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare . National hospitals data collection. 2024. Available: https:\/\/meteor.aihw.gov.au\/content\/641349"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.20","unstructured":"SA NT DataLink . Datasets. 2024. Available: https:\/\/www.santdatalink.org.au\/available_datasets"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.21","unstructured":"Victorian Government Department of Health . Victorian admitted episodes dataset. 2024. Available: https:\/\/www.health.vic.gov.au\/data-reporting\/victorian-admitted-episodes-dataset"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.112113","article-title":"Is the burden of diabetes in Australia underestimated? Comparison of diabetes ascertainment using linked administrative health data and an Australian diabetes registry","volume":"222","author":"Cox","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr2922e","article-title":"Effect of Metformin on Different Non-Diabetes Related Conditions, a Special Focus on Malignant Conditions: Review of Literature","volume":"9","author":"Abdelgadir","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Med Res"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1198\/106186006X137047","article-title":"Optimal Full Matching and Related Designs via Network Flows","volume":"15","author":"Hansen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v042.i08","article-title":"MatchIt: Nonparametric Preprocessing for Parametric Causal Inference","volume":"42","author":"Ho","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Stat Soft"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.26","article-title":"Improved complexity stratification in congenital heart disease; the impact of including procedural data on accuracy and reliability","volume":"16","author":"Chami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol Congenit Heart Dis"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.27","article-title":"Algorithmic complexity stratification for congenital heart disease patients","volume":"11","author":"Chami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol Congenit Heart Dis"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.28","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics . Statistical area level 2 Canberra. 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/standards\/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs-edition-3\/jul2021-jun2026\/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas\/statistical-area-level-2"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.29","unstructured":"University of Adelaide . Accessibility\/remoteness index of Australia (ARIA+). 2023. Available: https:\/\/able.adelaide.edu.au\/housing-research\/data-gateway\/aria#methodology"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.30","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics . Remoteness structure Canberra. 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/standards\/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs-edition-3\/jul2021-jun2026\/remoteness-structure"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1608664"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037885"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00223-1","article-title":"Life expectancy associated with different ages at diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes in high-income countries: 23 million person-years of observation","volume":"11","author":"Kaptoge","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.011295","article-title":"Diabetes Mellitus-Related All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in a National Cohort of Adults","volume":"8","author":"Raghavan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.060834"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2024.11.003","article-title":"Cardiovascular and Respiratory Measures in Adults With Early-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Compared With Matched Controls","volume":"49","author":"Munoz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164118787415","article-title":"The prevalence of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in men and women with Type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Bouthoorn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diab Vasc Dis Res"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14877","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular health: Evidence of causal relationships in a European ancestry population","volume":"11","author":"Ruan","year":"2024","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-023-00877-z"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2025.09.006","article-title":"2025 ACC\/AHA\/HRS\/ISACHD\/SCAI Guideline for the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"87","author":"Gurvitz","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1071\/AH23185","article-title":"The burdensome logistics of data linkage in Australia - the example of a national registry for congenital heart disease","volume":"48","author":"Lloyd","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aust Health Rev"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1071\/AH24338","article-title":"State- and territory-based differences that impede the establishment of a harmonized national registry","volume":"49","author":"Lloyd","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aust Health Rev"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.43","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare . Why is prevalence only reported for children and young adults with type 1 diabetes? 2024."},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-13-481","article-title":"Validating self-report of diabetes use by participants in the 45 and Up Study: a record linkage study","volume":"13","author":"Comino","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooag109","article-title":"Accuracy of administrative data in ascertaining health conditions: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Campbell","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAMIA Open"},{"key":"2026102104150601000_14.5.e006465.46","article-title":"Using novel data linkage of congenital heart disease biobank data with administrative health data to identify cardiovascular outcomes to inform genomic analysis","volume":"8","author":"Lain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Popul Data Sci"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open Diabetes Research &amp; Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjdrc-2026-006465","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T11:15:21Z","timestamp":1792581321000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/drc.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjdrc-2026-006465"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjdrc-2026-006465"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjdrc-2026-006465","relation":{},"ISSN":["2052-4897"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2052-4897","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}}}