{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T14:19:17Z","timestamp":1787581157087,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668124800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Trinity College Dublin, Ireland"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ EBM"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To identify all outcomes, their definitions, outcome measurement instruments (OMIs), timepoints and frequency of measurement applied in clinical trials in oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) interventions in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). This scoping review is the first stage of a larger project establishing a core outcome set for dysphagia interventions in Parkinson\u2019s disease (COS-DIP).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Scoping review.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Six electronic databases and one trial registry were searched without language restrictions until March 2022. Bibliography lists of included studies were also reviewed. Study screening and data extraction were conducted independently by two reviewers using Covidence. The scoping review protocol is registered and published (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2262\/97652\">http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2262\/97652<\/jats:ext-link>).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>19 studies with 134 outcomes were included. Trial outcomes were mapped to a recommended taxonomy for COSs and merged. 39 outcomes were identified. The most frequently measured were general swallowing-related outcomes, global quality-of-life outcomes and swallowing-related perceived health status outcomes. The applied outcomes, their definitions, OMIs, timepoints and frequency of measurement showed a high variability across all studies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The high variability of outcomes emphasises the need for an agreed standardised COS. This will inform clinical trial design in OD in PD, increase the quality of OD trials in PD and facilitate synthesising and comparing study results to reach conclusion on the safety and effectiveness of OD interventions in PD. It will not prevent or restrict researchers from examining other outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The COS-DIP study, including the scoping review, was registered prospectively with the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials Database on 24 September 2021 (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"www.comet-initiative.org\">www.comet-initiative.org<\/jats:ext-link>, registration number: 1942).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjebm-2022-112082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T13:20:19Z","timestamp":1668172819000},"page":"93-100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Swallowing outcomes in dysphagia interventions in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6707-6921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Hirschwald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Speech and Language Studies, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jule","family":"Hofacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Speech and Language Studies, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sallyanne","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Walshe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Speech and Language Studies, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-015-9671-9"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-016-9695-9","article-title":"A systematic review of the prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia in stroke, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, head injury, and pneumonia","volume":"31","author":"Takizawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.04.034","article-title":"Levodopa responsiveness of dysphagia in advanced Parkinson's disease and reliability testing of the FEES-Levodopa-test","volume":"28","author":"Warnecke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crary MA , Groher ME . Dysphagia: clinical management in adults and children. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2016.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-18701-5.00007-5"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018969"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.17.5.427"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-017-1978-4"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_AJSLP-21-00145","article-title":"Effectiveness of interventions for dysphagia in Parkinson disease: a systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Gandhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Speech Lang Pathol"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114104","article-title":"Treatment of Dysphagia in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review","volume":"17","author":"L\u00f3pez-Liria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120008","article-title":"Consensus on the treatment of dysphagia in Parkinson's disease","volume":"430","author":"Schindler","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-15-279"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.14","unstructured":"Hofacker J . Developing a core outcome set in oral stimulation interventions for preterm infants \u2013 Step 1: A scoping review of current trial outcomes [unpublished master thesis]. Dublin: Trinity College Dublin, 2021."},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.12.020"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05160-5","article-title":"Systematic review of outcome domains and instruments used in designs of clinical trials for interventions that seek to restore bilateral and binaural hearing in adults with unilateral severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss ('single-sided deafness')","volume":"22","author":"Katiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00417897"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-011-9387-4","article-title":"The effect of surface electrical stimulation on swallowing in dysphagic Parkinson patients","volume":"27","author":"Baijens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E38","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24119","article-title":"Surface electrical stimulation in dysphagic Parkinson patients: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"123","author":"Baijens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2008\/013)"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2012.10.004","article-title":"Video-Assisted swallowing therapy for patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"19","author":"Manor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-001-0109-1"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-011-9371-z","article-title":"Neuromuscular electrical stimulation versus traditional therapy in patients with Parkinson's disease and oropharyngeal dysphagia: effects on quality of life","volume":"27","author":"Heijnen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.25","first-page":"870","article-title":"The development and validation of a dysphagia-specific quality-of-life questionnaire for patients with head and neck cancer: the M. D. anderson dysphagia inventory","volume":"127","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21625"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.5357\/koubyou.70.242","article-title":"[Dysphagia severity scale]","volume":"70","author":"Tohara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kokubyo Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-014-9528-7","article-title":"Development of the Arabic version of dysphagia handicap index (DHI)","volume":"29","author":"Farahat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2702.2001.00502.x"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-148-7-200804010-00007"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.31","article-title":"Expiratory muscle strength training (EMST) for treatment of pharyngeal dysphagia in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"35","author":"Claus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319847968","article-title":"The effect of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on advancing Parkinson's disease with dysphagia: double blind randomized clinical trial","volume":"33","author":"Khedr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-318060"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.34","article-title":"Benefit from the Chin-Down maneuver in the swallowing performance and Self-Perception of Parkinson's disease patients","volume":"2017","author":"Ayres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.35","article-title":"Can adjunctive electromyographic biofeedback help maintain long-term prophylactic swallowing therapy results in Parkinson\u2019s disease? A pilot study","volume":"26","author":"da","year":"2021","journal-title":"Audiol Commun Res"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611430953"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000002351"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Amin M , Borders JC , Long H . Open Science Practices in Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Survey [Internet]. Open Science Framework 2022 https:\/\/osf.io\/jwba3","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/jwba3"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.39","first-page":"891","article-title":"Effects of vocalization training on drooling severity in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin J Contemp Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.72.1.31"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.11.015","article-title":"Effect of Lee Silverman voice treatment (LSVT LOUD\u00ae) on swallowing and cough in Parkinson's disease: a pilot study","volume":"383","author":"Miles","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-021-10265-9","article-title":"Swallowing outcomes following voice therapy in multiple system atrophy with dysphagia: comparison of treatment efficacy with Parkinson's disease","volume":"37","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_JSLHR-21-00216","article-title":"Progression of self-perceived speech and swallowing impairment in early stage Parkinson's disease: longitudinal analysis of the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale","volume":"65","author":"Watts","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2011.11.006"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-017-9831-1","article-title":"Critical dysphagia is common in Parkinson disease and occurs even in early stages: a prospective cohort study","volume":"33","author":"Pflug","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S97481","article-title":"Oropharyngeal dysphagia in older persons - from pathophysiology to adequate intervention: a review and summary of an international expert meeting","volume":"11","author":"Wirth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-775720140132"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-016-9734-6","article-title":"Reflex cough and disease duration as predictors of swallowing dysfunction in Parkinson's disease","volume":"31","author":"Troche","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-141-10-200411160-00009"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024537"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20485"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-021-10299-z","article-title":"Characterizing quality of life in caregivers of people with Parkinson's disease and dysphagia","volume":"37","author":"Perry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"2025082707055175000_28.2.93.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.28.1840","article-title":"Effect of simultaneous application of postural techniques and expiratory muscle strength training on the enhancement of the swallowing function of patients with dysphagia caused by Parkinson's disease","volume":"28","author":"Byeon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"}],"container-title":["BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjebm-2022-112082","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T14:06:00Z","timestamp":1756303560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ebm.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjebm-2022-112082"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjebm-2022-112082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjebm-2022-112082","relation":{},"ISSN":["2515-446X","2515-4478"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2515-446X","type":"print"},{"value":"2515-4478","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]}}}