{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T19:15:58Z","timestamp":1793646958349,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Gastroenterol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The objective of this study was to comparatively analyse the gastric fluid (GF) microbiota between patients with functional dyspepsia (FD) and healthy controls (HC), and to assess the effect of probiotics on the microbiota.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Twenty-four Japanese patients with FD who met the Rome III definition and 21 age-matched and gender-matched HC volunteers were enrolled. The patients with FD had been treated with LG21, a probiotic strain. The GF was sampled after an overnight fast using a nasogastric tube. The bile acids concentration was determined by ELISA. The V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was amplified using bacterial DNA from the GF, and then about 30\u2005000 high-quality amplicons per sample were grouped into operational taxonomic units for analyses.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The ratio of GF samples in which the bile acids were detectable was significantly greater in the FD than in the HC groups. In the bacterial composition analysis at the phylum level, the GF microbiota had a <jats:italic>Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic> &gt; <jats:italic>Proteobacteria<\/jats:italic> abundance and an absence of <jats:italic>Acidobacteria<\/jats:italic> in the FD group, in contrast, the GF microbiota had a <jats:italic>Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic> &lt; <jats:italic>Proteobacteria<\/jats:italic> abundance and the presence of <jats:italic>Acidobacteria<\/jats:italic> in the HC group. Probiotic therapy in patients with FD shifted the composition of the GF microbiota to that observed in the HC volunteers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Alteration in the GF microbiota was found in patients with FD compared with HC volunteers. Reflux of the small intestinal contents, including bile acid and intestinal bacteria, to the stomach was suggested to induce a bacterial composition change and be involved in the pathophysiology underlying FD. Probiotics appear effective in the treatment of FD through the normalisation of gastric microbiota.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>UMINCTR 000022026; Results.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2017-000144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,12]],"date-time":"2017-05-12T11:22:44Z","timestamp":1494588164000},"page":"e000144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":120,"title":["Alteration in the gastric microbiota and its restoration by probiotics in patients with functional dyspepsia"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Muneki","family":"Igarashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara City, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirohiko","family":"Nakae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara City, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Matsuoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara City, Japan"},{"name":"Koikeya Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunsuke","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TechnoSuruga Laboratory Co., Ltd., Shizuoka City, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayoshi","family":"Hisada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TechnoSuruga Laboratory Co., Ltd., Shizuoka City, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junko","family":"Tomita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TechnoSuruga Laboratory Co., Ltd., Shizuoka City, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Koga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara City, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025073013211883000_4.1.e000144.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.059"},{"key":"2025073013211883000_4.1.e000144.2","first-page":"492","article-title":"Functional dyspepsia","volume":"31","author":"Holtmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025073013211883000_4.1.e000144.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takagi A , Yanagi H , Ozawa H , et al . 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