{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T18:39:09Z","timestamp":1764873549913,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Gastroenterol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus is a common cancer among South Africans. Due to the absence of effective screening and surveillance programme for early detection and late presentation, squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage or when metastasis has already occurred. The 5-year survival is often quoted at 5%\u201310%, which is poor.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To determine the association between oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and non-acid gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                     <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                     <jats:p>A cross-sectional case\u2013control analytical study of patients referred to the Gastroenterology Division of Steve Biko Academic Hospital in Pretoria, South Africa. All patients had combined multichannel impedance and pH studies done and interpreted after upper gastroscopy using the American College of Gastroenterology guidelines by two clinicians.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Thirty-two patients with OSCC were recruited: non-acid reflux was found in 23 patients (73%), acid reflux in 2 patients (6%) and 7 patients (22%) had normal multichannel impedance and pH studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Forty-nine patients matched by age, gender and race were recruited as a control group. Non-acid reflux was found in 11 patients (22%), acid reflux in 31 patients (63%) and 7 patients (14%) had normal multichannel impedance and pH monitoring study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The significance of the association between non-acid reflux and OSCC was tested using \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, and simple logistic regression was used to adjust for the effects of potential confounders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The OR of developing OSCC in patients with non-acid gastro-oesophageal reflux was 8.8 (95% CI 3.2 to 24.5, P&lt;0.0001) in this South African group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Alcohol and smoking had no effect on these results.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2017-000180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,14]],"date-time":"2017-11-14T20:10:19Z","timestamp":1510690219000},"page":"e000180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Non-acid gastro-oesophageal reflux is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Mpho","family":"Kgomo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taole R","family":"Mokoena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James A","family":"Ker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra035010"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.2","unstructured":"Ries LAG , Eisner MP . Cancer statistic review 1973-1999 (2002). Retrieved November 6, 2003; from National Cancer Institute. http:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/csr\/1973_1999\/esoph.pdf"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1072-7515(00)00238-6"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-7404(98)00003-6"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19990924)83:1<18::AID-IJC5>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-128-2-199801150-00007","article-title":"Radiation therapy for breast cancer and increased risk for esophageal carcinoma","volume":"128","author":"Ahsan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011290704728"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.2.114"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.9","first-page":"736","article-title":"Oesophageal Cancer","volume":"29A","author":"De Stefani","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.417"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(196103\/04)14:2<389::AID-CNCR2820140220>3.0.CO;2-E"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.12","unstructured":"International agency for research on cancer:alcohol drinking. 44: IARC Monogr, 1988:186\u201394."},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.13","unstructured":"International agency for research on cancer: Tobacco smoking. 38: IARC monogr, 1986:270\u20135."},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.14","first-page":"45","article-title":"[Esophageal cancer in Ille-et-Vilaine in relation to levels of alcohol and tobacco consumption. Risks are multiplying]","volume":"64","author":"Tuyns","year":"1977","journal-title":"Bull Cancer"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910580208"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djh057"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradshaw E , Schonland M . Oeophageal cancer and lung cancer in Natal African males in relation to certain socio-economic factors. Br J Cancer;23:275.","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1969.37"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1974.127"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1971.99"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.2.155","article-title":"Achalasia complicated by esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a prospective study in 195 patients","volume":"23","author":"Meijssen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530170039029"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(94)00997-L"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-001-0026-3"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00129689-200308000-00002"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.263"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530170039029"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(99)01201-1","article-title":"Adenocarcinoma in a mid-esophageal diverticulum","volume":"69","author":"Avisar E","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surj"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01459611"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1093\/dote\/11.4.239","article-title":"Early cancer in achalasia","volume":"11","author":"Loviscek","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dis Esophagus"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.02871.x","article-title":"Oesophagitis is common in patients with achalasia after pneumatic dilatation","volume":"23","author":"Leeuwenburgh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.31","first-page":"829","article-title":"Case report. To B or not to B: is tylosis B truly benign?","volume":"94","author":"Maillerfer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am gastroeterol"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgr211"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-2050.1999.00042.x"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/0964-1955(94)90061-2","article-title":"Tylosis associated with carinoma of the oesophagus and oral leukoplakia in a large Liverpool family\u2014a reviewnof 6 generations","volume":"30B","author":"Ellis A","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncology"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.40614.x"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.36","first-page":"3308","article-title":"Relationship of plummer-vinson disease to cancer of the upper alimentary tract in Sweden","volume":"35","author":"Larsson","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.04.009"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0109"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.39","first-page":"4","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection is associated an increased risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus. A cross-sectional case control prospective study","volume":"8","author":"Kgomo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Bioanal Biomed"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.282","article-title":"Direct measurement of gastroesophageal reflux episodes in patients with squamous cell carcinoma by 24-h pH-impedance monitoring","volume":"106","author":"Uno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23955"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djh057"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.08.010"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i36.6098"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.45","first-page":"149","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection reduces the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a case-control study in iran","volume":"12","author":"Khoshbaten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.46","first-page":"3","article-title":"Extensive gastric atrophy in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus: a descriptive case control study","volume":"7","author":"Kgomo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cytol Histol"},{"key":"2025073013245378000_4.1.e000180.47","unstructured":"Report on emerging technology. Esophageal function testing. 3: Gastrointestinal endoscopy, 2012:76."}],"container-title":["BMJ Open Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjgast-2017-000180","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T20:25:08Z","timestamp":1753907108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopengastro.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjgast-2017-000180"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjgast-2017-000180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgast-2017-000180","relation":{},"ISSN":["2054-4774"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2054-4774"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}}}