{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:08:07Z","timestamp":1792109287667,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006641","name":"UNICEF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006641","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Glob Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study provides, for the first time, comparable national population-based estimates that describe the nature and magnitude of physical and emotional violence during childhood in Zimbabwe.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>From August to September 2011, we conducted a national population-based survey of 2410 respondents aged 13\u201324 years, using a two-stage cluster sampling. Regression models were adjusted for relevant demographics to estimate the ORs for associations between violence, risk factors and various health-related outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Respondents aged 18\u201324 years report a lifetime prevalence (before the age of 18) of 63.9% (among girls) to 76% (among boys) for physical violence by a parent or adult relative, 12.6% (girls) to 26.4% (boys) for humiliation in front of others, and 17.3% (girls) to 17.5% (boys) for feeling unwanted. Almost 50% of either sex aged 13\u201317 years experienced physical violence in the 12 months preceding the survey. Significant risk factors for experiencing physical violence for girls are ever experiencing emotional abuse prior to age 13, adult illness in the home, socioeconomic status and age. Boys\u2019 risk factors include peer relationships and socioeconomic status, while caring teachers and trusted community members are protective factors. Risk factors for emotional abuse vary, including family relationships, teacher and school-level variables, socioeconomic status, and community trust and security. Emotional abuse is associated with increased suicide attempts for both boys and girls, among other health outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Physical and emotional violence often work in tandem causing poor mental and physical health outcomes. Understanding risk factors for violence within the peer or family context is essential for improved violence prevention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,26]],"date-time":"2018-06-26T17:25:48Z","timestamp":1530033948000},"page":"e000533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Risk factors and health consequences of physical and emotional violence against children in Zimbabwe: a nationally representative survey"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Handrick","family":"Chigiji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Fry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tinashe Enock","family":"Mwadiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aldo","family":"Elizalde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriko","family":"Izumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Line","family":"Baago-Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Catherine","family":"Maternowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051414433799000_3.3.e000533.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61706-7"},{"key":"2024051414433799000_3.3.e000533.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.07.007"},{"key":"2024051414433799000_3.3.e000533.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559511403920"},{"key":"2024051414433799000_3.3.e000533.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.754"},{"key":"2024051414433799000_3.3.e000533.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq168"},{"key":"2024051414433799000_3.3.e000533.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838014523336"},{"key":"2024051414433799000_3.3.e000533.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2283","article-title":"Risk and protective factors for physical and emotional abuse victimisation amongst vulnerable children in South Africa","volume":"24","author":"Meinck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Abuse Review"},{"key":"2024051414433799000_3.3.e000533.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(98)00077-5"},{"key":"2024051414433799000_3.3.e000533.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2004.02.017"},{"key":"2024051414433799000_3.3.e000533.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jegh.2013.02.006","article-title":"A national survey of childhood physical abuse among females in Swaziland","volume":"3","author":"Breiding","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"2024051414433799000_3.3.e000533.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9450.00350"},{"key":"2024051414433799000_3.3.e000533.12","first-page":"103","article-title":"Perceived parental disorders as risk factors for child sexual, physical and emotional abuse among high school students in the Mpumalanga Province, South Africa","volume":"6","author":"Madu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Soc Sci"},{"key":"2024051414433799000_3.3.e000533.13","unstructured":"Thurman T , Kidman R . Child maltreatment at home: prevalence among orphans and vulnerable children in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. New Orleans: Tulane Univ Sch Public Heal Trop Med, 2011."},{"key":"2024051414433799000_3.3.e000533.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026796"},{"key":"2024051414433799000_3.3.e000533.15","unstructured":"Pinheiro PS . UN Secretary General\u2019s world report on violence against children. Geneva: United Nations, 2006."},{"key":"2024051414433799000_3.3.e000533.16","unstructured":"Government of Zimbabwe. Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (No. 23\/2004)."},{"key":"2024051414433799000_3.3.e000533.17","unstructured":"Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT), United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF) and Collaborating Centre for Operational Research and Evaluation (CCORE). National baseline survey on life experiences of adolescents. Harare: ZIMSTAT, 2013. www.zimstat.co.zw\/dmdocuments\/NBSLEA.pdf (accessed 20 Oct 2015)."},{"key":"2024051414433799000_3.3.e000533.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.06.006"},{"key":"2024051414433799000_3.3.e000533.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.24.3089"},{"key":"2024051414433799000_3.3.e000533.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2006.06.008"}],"container-title":["BMJ Global Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000533","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T22:00:41Z","timestamp":1715724041000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gh.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000533"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000533"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000533","relation":{},"ISSN":["2059-7908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2059-7908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}}}