{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T01:27:15Z","timestamp":1794360435269,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615334400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/T008628\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T008628\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Glob Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Child malnutrition (undernutrition) and adult non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are major global public health problems. While convincing evidence links prenatal malnutrition with increased risk of NCDs, less is known about the long-term sequelae of malnutrition in childhood. We therefore examined evidence of associations between postnatal malnutrition, encompassing documented severe childhood malnutrition in low\/middle-income countries (LMICs) or famine exposure, and later-life cardiometabolic NCDs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our peer-reviewed search strategy focused on \u2018severe childhood malnutrition\u2019, \u2018LMICs\u2019, \u2018famine\u2019, and \u2018cardiometabolic NCDs\u2019 to identify studies in Medline, Embase, Global Health, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases. We synthesised results narratively and assessed study quality with the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence checklist.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 57 studies of cardiometabolic NCD outcomes in survivors of documented severe childhood malnutrition in LMICs (n=14) and historical famines (n=43). Exposure to severe malnutrition or famine in childhood was consistently associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (7\/8 studies), hypertension (8\/11), impaired glucose metabolism (15\/24) and metabolic syndrome (6\/6) in later life. Evidence for effects on lipid metabolism (6\/11 null, 5\/11 mixed findings), obesity (3\/13 null, 5\/13 increased risk, 5\/13 decreased risk) and other outcomes was less consistent. Sex-specific differences were observed in some cohorts, with women consistently at higher risk of glucose metabolism disorders and metabolic syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Severe malnutrition or famine during childhood is associated with increased risk of cardiometabolic NCDs, suggesting that developmental plasticity extends beyond prenatal life. Severe malnutrition in childhood thus has serious implications not only for acute morbidity and mortality but also for survivors\u2019 long-term health. Heterogeneity across studies, confounding by prenatal malnutrition, and age effects in famine studies preclude firm conclusions on causality. Research to improve understanding of mechanisms linking postnatal malnutrition and NCDs is needed to inform policy and programming to improve the lifelong health of severe malnutrition survivors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T11:50:23Z","timestamp":1615377023000},"page":"e003161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":180,"title":["Severe malnutrition or famine exposure in childhood and cardiometabolic non-communicable disease later in life: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8980-9396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelsey","family":"Grey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard Bryan","family":"Gonzales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mubarek","family":"Abera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Lelijveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Nutrition Network, Kidlington, Oxfordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caribbean Institute for Health Research, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melkamu","family":"Berhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alemseged","family":"Abdissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsinuel","family":"Girma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3745-7317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Kerac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.1","unstructured":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF), World Health Organization, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank . Levels and trends in child malnutrition: key findings of the 2020 edition of the joint child malnutrition estimates. World Health Organization, 2020."},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60937-X"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.3","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2014. World Health Organization, 2014."},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-012-0834-5"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17067","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.67","article-title":"Severe childhood malnutrition","volume":"3","author":"Bhutta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(16)31593-8"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.7","unstructured":"WHO . Guideline: assessing and managing children at primary health-care facilities to prevent overweight and obesity in the context of the double burden of malnutrition. updates for the integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI). World Health Organization, 2017."},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.8","unstructured":"United Nations . Sustainable development goal 3, 2015. Available: https:\/\/sustainabledevelopment.un.org\/sdg3"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e654","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30133-4","article-title":"Chronic disease outcomes after severe acute malnutrition in Malawian children (ChroSAM): a cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Lelijveld","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.57.2.141"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyne MS , Francis-Emmanuel P , Tennant IA , et al . Cardiometabolic risk in marasmus and kwashiorkor survivors. In: Preedy V , Patel VB , eds. Handbook of famine, starvation, and nutrient deprivation: from biology to policy. Springer International Publishing, 2017: 1\u201323.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-40007-5_58-1"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12231","article-title":"Childhood stunting: a global perspective","volume":"12(Suppl 1)","author":"de Onis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.14","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence . Quality appraisal checklist \u2013 quantitative studies reporting correlations and associations. In: Methods for the development of NICE public health guidance (Third Edition), 2012. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/process\/pmg4\/chapter\/appendix-g-quality-appraisal-checklist-quantitative-studies-reporting-correlations-and#footnote_16"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chege MP . Risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus among patients attending a rural Kenyan Hospital. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med 2010;2.doi:10.4102\/phcfm.v2i1.96","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v2i1.96"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2010.143"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013582"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.18","unstructured":"Vaiserman A , Khalangot MD , Strele I , et al . Early-Life exposure to the Ukraine famine of 1933 and type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Nova Science Publishers Inc, 2013."},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2016.11.125","article-title":"Exposure to famine in early life and the risk of obesity in adulthood in Qingdao: evidence from the 1959-1961 Chinese famine","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2003990"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011768"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-303"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(68)90086-3"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/25.11.1140","article-title":"The endocrine pancreas after kwashiorkor","volume":"25","author":"Kajubi","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2001.00565.x"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1178638817741281","article-title":"Glucose tolerance testing and anthropometric comparisons among rural residents of Kyiv region: investigating the possible effect of childhood Starvation-A community-based study","volume":"10","author":"Khalangot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Insights"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr228"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1559"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003818"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-009-0193-8","article-title":"Impact of childhood experience of famine on late life health","volume":"14","author":"Woo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.04.005"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.37942.603970.9A"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-007-9113-6"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000640"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.121293"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001496","article-title":"Early life exposure to Chinese famine modifies the association between hypertension and cardiovascular disease","volume":"36","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049720"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3122-x","article-title":"Infant exposure to Chinese famine increased the risk of hypertension in adulthood: results from the China health and retirement longitudinal study","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001122","article-title":"Exposure to the Chinese famine in early life and hypertension prevalence risk in adults","volume":"35","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-017-0671-2","article-title":"Increase in the prevalence of hypertension among adults exposed to the great Chinese famine during early life","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.4158\/EP-2019-0004","article-title":"Exposure to the Chinese famine in early life and the thyroid function and nodules in adulthood","volume":"25","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(03)00151-3"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03230"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0385"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.234575"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2750"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-4148-4","article-title":"Exposure to severe famine in the prenatal or postnatal period and the development of diabetes in adulthood: an observational study","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12653","article-title":"Association between famine exposure in early life and type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia in adulthood: results from the China health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS)","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15061125","article-title":"Risk of hyperglycemia and diabetes after early-life famine exposure: a cross-sectional survey in northeastern China","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980018003440","article-title":"The effect of Chinese famine exposure in early life on dietary patterns and chronic diseases of adults","volume":"22","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx228","article-title":"Prenatal famine exposure, adulthood obesity patterns and risk of type 2 diabetes","volume":"47","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802288","article-title":"Insulin resistance and abdominal adiposity in young men with documented malnutrition during the first year of life","volume":"27","author":"Boul\u00e9","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3511","article-title":"Glucose metabolism in adult survivors of severe acute malnutrition","volume":"99","author":"Francis-Emmanuel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/026010600902000202","article-title":"Cholesterol levels in later life amongst UK channel Islanders exposed to the 1940-45 German occupation as children, adolescents and young adults","volume":"20","author":"Head","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr Health"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/lipd.12151","article-title":"Famine exposure during the fetal period increased the risk of dyslipidemia in female adults","volume":"54","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4421-6","article-title":"Fetal and infant exposure to severe Chinese famine increases the risk of adult dyslipidemia: results from the China health and retirement longitudinal study","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-017-1603-z","article-title":"Exposure to Chinese famine in early life and the risk of dyslipidemia in adulthood","volume":"58","author":"Xin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-2039"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.11.010","article-title":"The famine exposure in early life and metabolic syndrome in adulthood","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0211-1","article-title":"Chinese famine exposure in infancy and metabolic syndrome in adulthood: results from the China health and retirement longitudinal study","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2017.12.013","article-title":"Victims of Chinese famine in early life have increased risk of metabolic syndrome in adulthood","volume":"53","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2011.161"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1707-0","article-title":"Famine exposure in early life is associated with visceral adipose dysfunction in adult females","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.296","article-title":"The great Chinese famine leads to shorter and overweight females in Chongqing Chinese population after 50 years","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/030144699282561"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0142-x","article-title":"The capacity-load model of non-communicable disease risk: understanding the effects of child malnutrition, ethnicity and the social determinants of health","volume":"72","author":"Wells","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38586.411273.E0"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08035250600719754"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803659"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1071"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16210-7","article-title":"Early origins of cardiovascular disease: is there a unifying hypothesis?","volume":"363","author":"Singhal","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202053","article-title":"Follow-up between 6 and 24 months after discharge from treatment for severe acute malnutrition in children aged 6-59 months: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"O'Sullivan","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03708.x"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.105","article-title":"Rapid postnatal weight gain and visceral adiposity in adulthood: the Fels longitudinal study","volume":"17","author":"Demerath","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1618"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1301\/nr.2004.jul.S127-S133"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.06.041","article-title":"Metabolomics in plasma of Malawian children 7 years after surviving severe acute malnutrition: \"ChroSAM\" a cohort study","volume":"45","author":"Bourdon","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0435"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23276-8"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.4.422","article-title":"Post-weaning protein malnutrition in the rat produces short and long term metabolic impairment, in contrast to earlier and later periods","volume":"4","author":"Mi\u00f1ana-Solis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051038"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.08.019.2009"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00014289"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.03.001","article-title":"Molecular evidence for differential long-term outcomes of early life severe acute malnutrition","volume":"18","author":"Sheppard","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4746"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510003363"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/69.2.179","article-title":"Potential mechanisms of metabolic imprinting that lead to chronic disease","volume":"69","author":"Waterland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3251275","article-title":"Effect of exposure to famine during early life on risk of metabolic syndrome in adulthood: a meta-analysis","volume":"2020","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2010.07.003"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thurstans S , Opondo C , Seal A , et al . Boys are more likely to be undernourished than girls: A systematic review and meta-analysis of sex differences in undernutrition [pre-review preprint]. medRxiv. 2020.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.09.19.20196535"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx013"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.07.024"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096030"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.94","unstructured":"Covid-19, food systems and nutrition: statement from our Co-Chairs \u2013 global panel. Available: https:\/\/www.glopan.org\/covid-19-food-systems-and-nutrition-statement-from-our-co-chairs\/ [Accessed 15 May 2020]."},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.95","unstructured":"World Food Programme . COVID-19 and the 5 major threats it poses to global food security. Medium, 2020. Available: https:\/\/insight.wfp.org\/covid-19-and-the-5-major-threats-it-poses-to-global-food-security-1c4da2ff6657 [Accessed 15 May 2020]."},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e901","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30229-1","article-title":"Early estimates of the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and child mortality in low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study","volume":"8","author":"Roberton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-1076","article-title":"Exposure to famine in early life and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adulthood","volume":"101","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-017-0014-9","article-title":"Exposure to famine in early life and chronic kidney diseases in adulthood","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr Diabetes"},{"key":"2025073013391097000_6.3.e003161.99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0010.5281","article-title":"The great Chinese famine exposure in early life and the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adult women","volume":"16","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"}],"container-title":["BMJ Global Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003161","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T20:39:29Z","timestamp":1753907969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gh.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003161"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003161"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003161","relation":{},"ISSN":["2059-7908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2059-7908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}}}