{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:22:34Z","timestamp":1788276154422,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,15]],"date-time":"2020-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605398400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012429","name":"Central Universities in China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020zzts278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020zzts278"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012429","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202836\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202836\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["207487\/B\/17\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["207487\/B\/17\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000156","name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["282526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["282526"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/L006588\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/L006588\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Glob Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There are reports of outbreaks of COVID-19 in prisons in many countries. Responses to date have been highly variable and it is not clear whether public health guidance has been informed by the best available evidence. We conducted a systematic review to synthesise the evidence on outbreaks of highly contagious diseases in prison.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched seven electronic databases for peer-reviewed articles and official reports published between 1 January 2000 and 28 July 2020. We included quantitative primary research that reported an outbreak of a given contagious disease in a correctional facility and examined the effects of interventions. We excluded studies that did not provide detail on interventions. We synthesised common themes using the Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM) guideline, identified gaps in the literature and critically appraised the effectiveness of various containment approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 28 relevant studies. Investigations were all based in high-income countries and documented outbreaks of tuberculosis, influenza (types A and B), varicella, measles, mumps, adenovirus and COVID-19. Several themes were common to these reports, including the public health implications of infectious disease outbreaks in prison, and the role of interagency collaboration, health communication, screening for contagious diseases, restriction, isolation and quarantine, contact tracing, immunisation programmes, epidemiological surveillance and prison-specific guidelines in addressing any outbreaks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prisons are high-risk settings for the transmission of contagious diseases and there are considerable challenges in managing outbreaks in them. A public health approach to managing COVID-19 in prisons is required.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42020178827<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T16:20:15Z","timestamp":1605543615000},"page":"e003201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Managing outbreaks of highly contagious diseases in prisons: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Beaudry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoling","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Whiting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babak","family":"Javid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Frater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seena","family":"Fazel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.05.001","article-title":"A systematic scoping review of environmental health conditions in penal institutions","volume":"222","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.2","first-page":"1760","article-title":"The challenge of preventing COVID-19 spread in correctional facilities","volume":"323","author":"Rubin","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30466-4"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61053-7"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.5","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of refractory COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China","author":"Mo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.6","unstructured":"Ministry of Justice . Prison population figures: 2020. London, UK: UK Home Office, 2020. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/prison-population-figures-2020"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.7","unstructured":"Nellis A . The color of justice: racial and ethnic disparity in state prisons. Washington, DC: The Sentencing Project, 2016. https:\/\/www.sentencingproject.org\/publications\/color-of-justice-racial-and-ethnic-disparity-in-state-prisons\/"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.8","unstructured":"Sawyer W . US incarceration rates by race and ethnicity. Northampton, MA: Prison Policy Initiative, 2010. https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/graphs\/raceinc.html"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6934e1"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.05.003","article-title":"Assessing differential impacts of COVID-19 on Black communities","volume":"47","author":"Millett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6933e1"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa2011686"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e77","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2023616","article-title":"Structural racism, social risk factors, and COVID-19 - a dangerous convergence for Black Americans","volume":"383","author":"Egede","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaa126","article-title":"Racial capitalism within public health: how occupational settings drive COVID-19 disparities","volume":"189","author":"McClure","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7489(03)00128-7"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30259-3","article-title":"Mass incarceration, public health, and widening inequality in the USA","volume":"389","author":"Wildeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.17","first-page":"367","article-title":"COVID-19 and detention: respecting human rights","volume":"22","author":"Amon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Hum Rights"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.18","unstructured":"Justice Project Pakistan . Map of the coronavirus in prisons. Lyon, France: Prison Insider, 2020. https:\/\/www.prison-insider.com\/en\/articles\/cartographie-du-coronavirus-en-prison"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.19","unstructured":"Federal Bureau of Prisons . COVID-19 coronavirus. Washington, DC: BOP, 2020. https:\/\/www.bop.gov\/coronavirus\/index.jsp"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.20","unstructured":"Grierson J . Key events: live feed 2020. London, UK: The Guardian, 2020. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/live\/2020\/jun\/08\/uk-coronavirus-live-latest-updates-covid-19?page=with:block-5ede72ed8f083999a26dc796#block-5ede72ed8f083999a26dc796"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.21","unstructured":"Jackson A , Tanner K . Infection rate at Michigan prison exceeds New York, Chicago jail hot spots. Detroit, MI: Detroit Free Press, 2020. https:\/\/eu.freep.com\/story\/news\/local\/michigan\/2020\/04\/16\/infection-rate-michigan-prison-exceeds-new-york-chicago-jail-hotspots\/2987935001\/"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.22","unstructured":"Walmsley R . World prison population list, twelfth edition. London, UK: Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research, 2018. https:\/\/www.prisonstudies.org\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/downloads\/wppl_12.pdf"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.23","unstructured":"UNODC, ILO, UNDP, WHO, UNAIDS . HIV prevention, treatment and care in prisons and other closed settings: a comprehensive package of interventions. Vienna, Austria: United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime, 2013. https:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/pub\/prisons\/interventions_package\/en\/"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.24","unstructured":"Public Health England, Ministry of Justice . Preventing and controlling outbreaks of COVID-19 in prisons and places of detention. London, UK, 2020. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/covid-19-prisons-and-other-prescribed-places-of-detention-guidance\/covid-19-prisons-and-other-prescribed-places-of-detention-guidance"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30984-3","article-title":"Prisons are \"in no way equipped\" to deal with COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"Burki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.26","unstructured":"Amante A . Death toll rises from Italy\u2019s coronavirus prison riots. Rome, Italy: Reuters, 2020. https:\/\/fr.reuters.com\/article\/us-health-coronavirus-italy-prisons-idUSKBN20X2DG"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.27","unstructured":"Acosta LJ , Cobb JS . Bogota prison riot over coronavirus kills nearly two dozen. Bogot\u00e1, Colombia: Reuters, 2020. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-health-coronavirus-colombia-prison-idUSKBN2190VM"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.28","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez F . Venezuelan prison riot leaves dozens dead; warden injured. Caracas, Venezuela: Associated Press, 2020. https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/574b6b98e8654ba60bc8fe2e0a8cf322"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e188","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30058-X","article-title":"Prisons and custodial settings are part of a comprehensive response to COVID-19","volume":"5","author":"Kinner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.30","unstructured":"Williams BA , Ahalt C , Cloud D , et al . Correctional facilities in the shadow of COVID-19: unique challenges and proposed solutions. Bethesda, MD: Health Affairs Blog, 2020. https:\/\/www.healthaffairs.org\/do\/10.1377\/hblog20200324.784502\/full\/"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30578-5"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1865"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1362"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2005687"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12528"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6890"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30095-X","article-title":"School closure and management practices during coronavirus outbreaks including COVID-19: a rapid systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Viner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.39","first-page":"111","article-title":"Rapid tests reduce the burden of tuberculosis in Azerbaijan prisons: special emphasis on rifampicin-resistance","volume":"20","author":"Gurbanova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Esp Sanid Penit"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e482","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30477-7","article-title":"Tuberculosis case detection by trained inmate peer educators in a resource-limited prison setting in Ethiopia: a cluster-randomised trial","volume":"7","author":"Adane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.41","unstructured":"QSR International . NVivo Qualitative Data Analysis Software (Version 12) [Software] 1999."},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12914-018-0180-4","article-title":"Words matter: a call for humanizing and respectful language to describe people who experience incarceration","volume":"18","author":"Tran","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Int Health Hum Rights"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.2001.tb00290.x"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1177\/1757177416689725","article-title":"Influenza outbreak in a Canadian correctional facility","volume":"18","author":"Besney","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Prev"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.45","first-page":"S417","article-title":"Evaluation of an extensive tuberculosis contact investigation in an urban community and jail","volume":"7","author":"Bur","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.46","first-page":"1041","article-title":"Drug-susceptible tuberculosis outbreak in a state correctional facility housing HIV-infected inmates--South Carolina, 1999-2000","volume":"49","year":"2000","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.47","first-page":"734","article-title":"Tuberculosis transmission in multiple correctional facilities--Kansas, 2002-2003","volume":"53","year":"2004","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.48","first-page":"229","article-title":"Influenza outbreaks at two correctional facilities--Maine, March 2011","volume":"61","year":"2012","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2015.05.005","article-title":"Control of an H1N1 outbreak in a correctional facility in central Taiwan","volume":"50","author":"Chao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E294","DOI":"10.33321\/cdi.2014.38.48","article-title":"Public health response to a measles outbreak in a large correctional facility, Queensland, 2013","volume":"38","author":"Chatterji","year":"2014","journal-title":"Commun Dis Intell Q Rep"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268813002008","article-title":"An outbreak of measles in a prison in Yorkshire, England, December 2012-January 2013","volume":"142","author":"Crick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2010.511259"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2012.08.015","article-title":"Influenza control can be achieved in a custodial setting: pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and 2011 in an Australian prison","volume":"126","author":"Guthrie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SMJ.0000053678.62096.6F","article-title":"Increased incidence of the outbreak strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the surrounding community after an outbreak in a jail","volume":"96","author":"Jones","year":"2003","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268818001991","article-title":"Mass vaccination response to a measles outbreak is not always possible. Lessons from a London prison","volume":"146","author":"Junghans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1078345807308847"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1078345814541535"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3506(03)00138-0"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/338815"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPH-11-2015-0038","article-title":"Varicella zoster virus transmission in youth during incarceration","volume":"12","author":"Moreau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Prison Health"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.07.031","article-title":"Varicella in the prison setting: a report of three outbreaks in Rhode island and a review of the literature","volume":"36","author":"Murphy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/phr\/116.3.210"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.63","first-page":"689","article-title":"Outbreak of tuberculosis in a correctional facility: consequences of missed opportunities","volume":"12","author":"Sosa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2009.12.005"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540802308449"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy819","article-title":"Measles outbreak at a privately operated detention facility: Arizona, 2016","volume":"68","author":"Venkat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03404173","article-title":"Mumps in prison: description of an outbreak in Manitoba, Canada","volume":"102","author":"Walkty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268804003243"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdu009"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6926e2","article-title":"Serial laboratory testing for SARS-CoV-2 infection among incarcerated and detained persons in a correctional and detention facility - Louisiana, April-May 2020","volume":"69","author":"Njuguna","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zawitz C , Welbel S , Ghinai I , et al . Outbreak of COVID-19 and interventions in one of the largest jails in the United States: Cook County, IL, 2020. medRxiv 2020.doi:10.1101\/2020.07.12.20148494","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.12.20148494"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.72","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Preparedness, prevention and control of COVID-19 in prisons and other places of detention. Copenhagen, Denmark: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2020. https:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0019\/434026\/Preparedness-prevention-and-control-of-COVID-19-in-prisons.pdf?ua=1"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2008457"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6919e3","article-title":"Public health response to COVID-19 cases in correctional and detention facilities - Louisiana, March-April 2020","volume":"69","author":"Wallace","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.75","unstructured":"Etkind S . Contact tracing in tuberculosis. In: Reichman L , Herschfield E , eds. TB: a comprehensive international approach. Lung biology in health and disease. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, 1993."},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2018.08.001","article-title":"The uncertainty, challenges, and variability in tuberculosis congregate setting investigations: the concentric circle model revisited","volume":"13","author":"Wolman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.10.2000180"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002737","article-title":"Evaluating strategies for control of tuberculosis in prisons and prevention of spillover into communities: an observational and modeling study from Brazil","volume":"16","author":"Mabud","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2012.12.004","article-title":"Opportunities for protecting prisoner health: influenza vaccination as a case study","volume":"127","author":"Couper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.80","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime . Position paper: COVID-19 preparedness and responses in prisons. Vienna, Austria: UNODC, 2020. https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/hiv-aids\/publications\/UNODC_position_paper_COVID-19_in_prisons_-_FINAL.pdf"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.81","unstructured":"The Alliance for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action . Technical note: COVID-19 and children deprived of their liberty. New York, NY: UNICEF, 2020. https:\/\/alliancecpha.org\/en\/system\/tdf\/library\/attachments\/covid-19_and_children_deprived_of_their_liberty_v1_lowres_0.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=37576"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.82","unstructured":"Davis D . Nearly 350 prisoners test positive for coronavirus across 73 jails, officials say as Lord chief justice Lord Burnett urges judges and magistrates to consider Covid crisis gripping prisons when deciding whether to jail offenders. London, UK: Daily Mail, 2020. https:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-8278289\/Judges-magistrates-consider-Covid-crisis-gripping-prisons-Lord-Burnett-says.html"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)00103-6","article-title":"Prediction of violent reoffending on release from prison: derivation and external validation of a scalable tool","volume":"3","author":"Fazel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.84","unstructured":"Lines R , Burke-Shyne N , Girelli G . Gaol fever: what COVID-19 tells us about the war on drugs. Boston, MA: Health and Human Rights Journal, 2020. https:\/\/www.hhrjournal.org\/2020\/04\/gaol-fever-what-covid-19-tells-us-about-the-war-on-drugs\/"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e99","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30245-2","article-title":"The economic impact of violence perpetration in severe mental illness: a retrospective, prevalence-based analysis in England and Wales","volume":"5","author":"Senior","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2016.12.009","article-title":"Risk assessment tools in criminal justice and forensic psychiatry: the need for better data","volume":"42","author":"Douglas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1551"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.88","article-title":"The response to COVID-19 in prisons must consider the broader mental health impacts for people in prison","author":"Stewart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.096370"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e107","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30271-3","article-title":"Solitary confinement placement and post-release mortality risk among formerly incarcerated individuals: a population-based study","volume":"5","author":"Wildeman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2020.05.002","article-title":"Prisons confin\u00e9es: quelles cons\u00e9quences pour les soins psychiatriques et la sant\u00e9 mentale des personnes d\u00e9tenues en France? [Mental health care in French correctional facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic]","volume":"46","author":"Fovet","year":"2020","journal-title":"L'Enc\u00e9phale"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.92","first-page":"100013","article-title":"Caring for persons in detention suffering with mental illness during the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"1","author":"Liebrenz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forensic Science International: Mind and Law"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30241-8","article-title":"Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of prisoners","volume":"7","author":"Hewson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025072914060775000_5.11.e003201.94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.037","article-title":"COVID-19, health rights of prison staff, and the bridge between prison and public health in Africa","volume":"185","author":"Van Hout","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health"}],"container-title":["BMJ Global Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003201","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T21:06:24Z","timestamp":1753823184000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gh.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003201"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003201"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003201","relation":{},"ISSN":["2059-7908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2059-7908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}}}