{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T11:29:35Z","timestamp":1789212575769,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727913600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Glob Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The WHO declared the novel COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic in March 2020. While the COVID-19 pandemic was unprecedented, prior experiences with diseases such as Middle East respiratory syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome and Ebola shaped many countries\u2019 preparedness and response strategies. Although lessons learnt from outbreak responses have been documented from a variety of sources, news media play a special role through their dissemination of news to the general public. This study investigated news media to explore how lessons learnt from the West African Ebola outbreak in 2014\u20132016 informed the COVID-19 responses in several African countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted qualitative analysis on a dataset of previously compiled COVID-19-related news articles published from 1 March 2020 to 31 August 2020. This dataset included 34,225 articles from 6 countries. We filtered the dataset to only include articles with the keyword \u2018Ebola\u2019. We used a machine-learning text classification model to identify relevant articles with clear and specific lessons learnt. We conducted inductive and deductive coding to categorise lessons learnt and identify emergent themes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 861 articles containing the word \u2018Ebola\u2019, 18.4% (N=158) with lessons learnt from Ebola were included across five of the countries: Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia and Sierra Leone. News articles highlighted three emergent themes: the importance of leveraging existing resources and past response system investments, promoting transparency in public health messaging and engaging community leaders in all phases of the response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings suggest fostering trust prior to and throughout an outbreak facilitates timely implementation and compliance of mitigation strategies. Trust can be built by leveraging existing resources, being communicative and transparent about their funding allocation and decision-making and engaging communities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-015378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T22:00:23Z","timestamp":1727992823000},"page":"e015378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Leveraging investments, promoting transparency and mobilising communities: a qualitative analysis of news articles about how the Ebola outbreak informed COVID-19 response in five African countries"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8943-4934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren P","family":"Courtney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8657-6081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manon","family":"Billaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Paulenich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Chew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainab","family":"Alidina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025072913582175000_9.10.e015378.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . WHO director-general\u2019s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19. 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/director-general\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020"},{"key":"2025072913582175000_9.10.e015378.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.631736","article-title":"Pandemics Throughout History","volume":"11","author":"Piret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2025072913582175000_9.10.e015378.3","article-title":"Pandemics Throughout the History","volume":"13","author":"Sampath","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2025072913582175000_9.10.e015378.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n486"},{"key":"2025072913582175000_9.10.e015378.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003228","article-title":"How previous epidemics enable timelier COVID-19 responses: an empirical study using organisational memory theory","volume":"5","author":"Tsuei","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"2025072913582175000_9.10.e015378.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-022-01467-z","article-title":"From SARS to COVID-19: the role of experience and experts in Hong Kong\u2019s initial policy response to an emerging pandemic","volume":"10","author":"Matus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Humanit Soc Sci Commun"},{"key":"2025072913582175000_9.10.e015378.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2020.371","article-title":"How lessons learned from the 2015 Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak affected the response to coronavirus disease 2019 in the Republic of Korea","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J Intern Med"},{"key":"2025072913582175000_9.10.e015378.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-010996","article-title":"How has Guinea learnt from the response to outbreaks? A learning health system analysis","volume":"8","author":"Millimouno","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"2025072913582175000_9.10.e015378.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-021-00728-x","article-title":"From Ebola to COVID-19: emergency preparedness and response plans and actions in Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"17","author":"Abayomi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"key":"2025072913582175000_9.10.e015378.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.303020"},{"key":"2025072913582175000_9.10.e015378.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-023-00521-z","article-title":"Impact of health systems reform on COVID-19 control in Sierra Leone: a case study","volume":"51","author":"Jones-Konneh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"key":"2025072913582175000_9.10.e015378.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268821002053","article-title":"The first 8 months of COVID-19 pandemic in three West African countries: leveraging lessons learned from responses to the 2014-2016 Ebola virus disease outbreak","volume":"149","author":"Impouma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2025072913582175000_9.10.e015378.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/13680","article-title":"The Application of Internet-Based Sources for Public Health Surveillance (Infoveillance): Systematic Review","volume":"22","author":"Barros","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"2025072913582175000_9.10.e015378.14","article-title":"Role of Mass Media and Public Health Communications in the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Anwar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2025072913582175000_9.10.e015378.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2207.160415","article-title":"Zika Virus-Related News Coverage and Online Behavior, United States, Guatemala, and Brazil","volume":"22","author":"Southwell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025072913582175000_9.10.e015378.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/cts.2019.434","article-title":"Mining news media for understanding public health concerns","volume":"5","author":"Zolnoori","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Trans Sci"},{"key":"2025072913582175000_9.10.e015378.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040218-044017","article-title":"Television News Coverage of Public Health Issues and Implications for Public Health Policy and Practice","volume":"40","author":"Gollust","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"2025072913582175000_9.10.e015378.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mach KJ , Salas Reyes R , Pentz B , et al . News media coverage of COVID-19 public health and policy information. 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Index details: data of press freedom ranking. n.d. Available: https:\/\/rsf.org\/en\/index"},{"key":"2025072913582175000_9.10.e015378.24","unstructured":"Common Crawl Foundation . Common Crawl - open repository of web Crawl data. Beverly Hills, CA: Common Crawl Foundation, Available: https:\/\/commoncrawl.org\/"},{"key":"2025072913582175000_9.10.e015378.25","unstructured":"Hamborg F , Meuschke N , Breitinger C , et al . News-please: a generic news Crawler and extractor. Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium of Information Science GitHub; 2017:218\u201323."},{"key":"2025072913582175000_9.10.e015378.26","unstructured":"Tunstall L , Reimers N , Jo UES , et al . Efficient few-shot learning without prompts. 2022. doi:10.48550\/ARXIV.2209.11055"},{"key":"2025072913582175000_9.10.e015378.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013203451","article-title":"Greedy function approximation: a gradient boosting machine","volume":"29","author":"Friedman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Statist"},{"key":"2025072913582175000_9.10.e015378.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/1534484320903890","article-title":"Learning to do qualitative data analysis: a starting point","volume":"19","author":"Lester","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Resour Dev Rev"},{"key":"2025072913582175000_9.10.e015378.29","unstructured":"VERBI Software . MAXQDA | All-in-one qualitative & mixed methods data analysis tool. Verbi Software. n.d. 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