{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T20:01:37Z","timestamp":1790366497986,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736899200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/igo\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006641","name":"UNICEF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006641","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Epicentre","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"US Centres for Disease Control","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Glob Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Understanding sex and gender differences during outbreaks is critical to delivering an effective response. Although recommendations and minimum requirements exist, the incorporation of sex-disaggregated data and gender analysis into outbreak analytics and response for informed decision-making remains infrequent. A scoping review was conducted to provide an overview of the extent of sex-disaggregated data and gender analysis in outbreak response within low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Five databases were searched for peer-reviewed literature examining sex- and gender-specific outcomes for communicable disease outbreaks published in English between 1 January 2012 and 12 April 2022. An adapted version of the WHO\u2019s Gender Analysis Matrix was used to synthesise evidence, which was then mapped across four phases of the outbreak timeline: prevention, detection, treatment\/management and recovery.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>71 articles met inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Sex-, gender-, and pregnancy-related disparities were identified throughout all four phases of the outbreak timeline. These disparities encompassed a wide range of risk factors for disease, vulnerability, access to and use of services, health-seeking behaviour, healthcare options, as well as experiences in healthcare settings and health and social outcomes and consequences.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Significant gender-evidence gaps remain in outbreak response. Evidence that is available illustrates that sex and gender disparities in outbreaks vary by disease, setting and population, and these differences play significant roles in shaping outbreak dynamics. As such, failing to collect, analyse or use sex-disaggregated data and gendered data during outbreaks results in less effective responses, differential adverse health outcomes, increased vulnerability among certain groups and insufficient evidence for effective prevention and response efforts. Systematic sex- and gender-based analyses to ensure gender-responsive outbreak prevention, detection, treatment\/management and recovery are urgently needed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-015900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]],"date-time":"2025-01-19T22:15:14Z","timestamp":1737324914000},"page":"e015900","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Beyond COVID-19, the case for collecting, analysing and using sex-disaggregated data and gendered data to inform outbreak response: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"McKinzie","family":"Gales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Center, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7095-0851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emelie Love","family":"Yonally Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Intervention and Training Department, Epicentre, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Zilversmit Pao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Dubray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9832-4796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Rodriguez Ribas Elizalde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization, Geneva, GE, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirin","family":"Heidari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneve, GE, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5522-7515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-Amelie","family":"Degail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, Geneve, GE, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2435-4471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Meudec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M Ruby","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Outbreak Analytics, UNICEF, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3818-3538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone E","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCIES, UNICEF, Kinshasa, Congo (the Democratic Republic of the)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025072914540265000_10.1.e015900.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s40888-021-00254-4","article-title":"Sex-disaggregated data matters: tracking the impact of COVID-19 on the health of women and men","volume":"39","author":"Hawkes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Econ Polit"},{"key":"2025072914540265000_10.1.e015900.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-02006-z","article-title":"Women are most affected by pandemics - lessons from past outbreaks","volume":"583","author":"Wenham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature New Biol"},{"key":"2025072914540265000_10.1.e015900.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.03.022"},{"key":"2025072914540265000_10.1.e015900.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-014-0119-x","article-title":"An intersectionality-based policy analysis framework: critical reflections on a methodology for advancing equity","volume":"13","author":"Hankivsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2025072914540265000_10.1.e015900.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32472-3"},{"key":"2025072914540265000_10.1.e015900.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czab149","article-title":"Using gender analysis matrixes to integrate a gender lens into infectious diseases outbreaks research","volume":"37","author":"Morgan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"2025072914540265000_10.1.e015900.7","unstructured":"Davies S , Bennett B . 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