{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T21:03:31Z","timestamp":1793653411837,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750291200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/igo\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-005318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-005318"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP223fa627004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP223fa627004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018336","name":"National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR200915"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR200915"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A126042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A126042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Glob Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antibiotic resistance (ABR) may increase hospital costs, utility loss and mortality risk per patient. Understanding these losses at national, regional and global scales is necessary for efficiently tackling ABR. Our aim is to estimate the global economic burden of antibiotic-resistant infections and the potential for bacterial vaccines to mitigate this burden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We take healthcare system and labour productivity perspectives. Hospital cost-per-case and length-of-stay estimates were calculated through meta-analyses and reviewing published systematic reviews. Unit labour productivity losses were estimated through a human capital approach. Modelled estimates were used where secondary data were missing. Death and incidence data were combined with unit cost data to estimate the economic burden associated with ABR in 2019, and the potential costs averted (in 2019 US$) based on uptake scenarios of vaccines that currently exist or are likely to be developed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis had the highest mean hospital cost attributable to ABR per patient, the range was US$3000 in lower-income settings to US$41 000 in high-income settings, with carbapenem-resistant infections associated with a high cost-per-case of US$3000\u2013US$7000 depending on syndrome. ABR was associated with a median value of US$693\u2009billion (IQR: US$627 bn\u2013US$768 bn) in hospital costs globally, with US$207 bn (IQR: US$186 bn\u2013US$229 bn) potentially avertable by vaccines. Productivity losses were quantified at almost US$194\u2009billion, with US$76 bn avertable by vaccines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The economic burden of ABR is associated with high levels of hospital bed-days occupied, hospital spending and labour productivity losses globally and should, therefore, remain high on national and international policy agendas. Vaccines against\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      would avert a substantial portion of the economic burden associated with ABR. More robust evidence, particularly in low-income countries, on the hospital costs, associated with and attributable to ABR, is needed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-016249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T07:40:17Z","timestamp":1750318817000},"page":"e016249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["The global economic burden of antibiotic-resistant infections and the potential impact of bacterial vaccines: a modelling study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4122-6631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nichola R","family":"Naylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Research and Policy, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"},{"name":"HCAI, Fungal, AMR, AMU & Sepsis Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4137-4685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Hasso-Agopsowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunization, Vaccines & Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaelin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquarius Population Health Ltd, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0095-0845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Frost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunization, Vaccines & Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0563-1576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaja","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"},{"name":"School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan"},{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan"},{"name":"Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gisela","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4026-5591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naomi","family":"Fuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie V","family":"Robotham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HCAI, Fungal, AMR, AMU & Sepsis Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Jit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025073013565851000_10.6.e016249.1","unstructured":"Taylor J , Hafner M , Yerushalmi E , et al . 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