{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T06:16:56Z","timestamp":1794464216783,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000193","name":"International Development Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["109848-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109848-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Glob Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 2022\u20132023 mpox outbreak has been the largest in history. We aim to synthesise the key epidemiological parameters related to the dynamics, transmission, and severity of mpox (incubation period, serial interval, generation time, infectious period, basic (R0) and effective (R(t)) reproductive number, and case fatality rate (CFR)).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic review of observational studies in MEDLINE, EMBASE and other sources up to September 2023 (PROSPERO: CRD42023404503). Quality assessment using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal for case series, cross-sectional and cohort studies, and a designed quality assessment questionnaire for mathematical models. Meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For transmissibility parameters, we estimated a pooled incubation period of 7.60 (95% CI 7.14 to 8.10)\u2009days and a pooled serial interval of 8.30 (95% CI 6.74 to 10.23)\u2009days. One study reported a generation time of 12.5\u2009days (95%\u2009CI 7.5 to 17.3). Three studies reported presymptomatic transmission in 27\u201350% of paired cases investigated. R(t) varied between 1.16 and 3.74 and R0 varied between 0.006 and 7.84. The epidemic peaked between August and September 2022 in Europe and the Americas whereas transmission has continued in African countries. For severity parameters, we estimated a pooled CFR by continent: 0.19% (95% CI 0.09% to 0.37%) for the Americas and 0.33% (95% CI 0.15% to 0.7%) for Europe. For Africa, we found that the CFRs of countries associated with group I were higher (range 17\u201364%) than those associated with group IIb (range 0\u20136%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pooled mpox serial interval was slightly larger than pooled incubation period, suggesting transmission occurs mostly postsymptom onset, although presymptomatic transmission can occur in an important proportion of cases. CFR estimates varied by geographical region and were higher in Africa, in countries linked with clade I. Our results contribute to a better understanding of mpox dynamics, and the development of mathematical models to assess the impact of current and future interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-016906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T12:05:41Z","timestamp":1738325141000},"page":"e016906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Decoding mpox: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the transmission and severity parameters of the 2022\u20132023 global outbreak"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2176-7388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Candida","family":"Diaz Brochero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Cristina","family":"Nocua-B\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0882-9652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Alberto","family":"Cortes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Charniga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Buitrago-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8165-3198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zulma M","family":"Cucunub\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025072913355553000_10.1.e016906.1","first-page":"593","article-title":"A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"46","author":"Ladnyj","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2025072913355553000_10.1.e016906.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005857","article-title":"Enhancing case definitions for surveillance of human monkeypox in the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"11","author":"Osadebe","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2025072913355553000_10.1.e016906.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001769","article-title":"Urgent need for a non-discriminatory and non-stigmatizing nomenclature for monkeypox virus","volume":"20","author":"Happi","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"2025072913355553000_10.1.e016906.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/505880"},{"key":"2025072913355553000_10.1.e016906.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac310","article-title":"Monkeypox: A Contemporary Review for Healthcare Professionals","volume":"9","author":"Titanji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025072913355553000_10.1.e016906.6","unstructured":"2022 outbreak cases and data. 2024. 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