{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T12:19:17Z","timestamp":1793362757200,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738540800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FRN. 187246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRN. 187246"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"NSERC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RGPIN-2023-05100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2023-05100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Glob Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mpox emerged as a significant global public health concern during the 2022\u20132023 outbreak, impacting populations in both endemic and non-endemic countries. This study reviews and synthesises evidence on the risk factors associated with human Mpox transmission across these regions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A systematic search of peer-reviewed original studies was conducted across Scopus, Embase, Web of Science and PubMed databases, covering publications up to 31 March 2024. The review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Two authors independently screened the articles by title, abstract and full text. The Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale used to assess the risk of bias for included articles. Fixed- or random-effects meta-analysis was conducted when at least two studies reported ORs or relative risks, with 95% CIs. Heterogeneity was assessed using the <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                           <m:msup>\n                              <m:mrow>\n                                 <m:mi>I<\/m:mi>\n                              <\/m:mrow>\n                              <m:mrow>\n                                 <m:mn>2<\/m:mn>\n                              <\/m:mrow>\n                           <\/m:msup>\n                        <\/m:math>\n                     <\/jats:inline-formula> statistic. This study was registered on PROSPERO (ID: <jats:italic>CRD42023459895<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The systematic review identified 947 articles through database searches, of which 31 met our inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis revealed significant risk factors associated with Mpox infection. Interaction with infected animals (OR=5.61, 95% CI 2.83, 11.13), HIV infection (OR=4.46, 95% CI 3.27, 6.08), other sexually transmitted infections (OR=1.76, 95% CI 1.42, 2.19), unprotected sexual activities (OR=1.53, 95% CI 1.13, 2.07), contact with an infected person (OR=2.39, 95% CI 1.87, 3.05), identification as men who have sex with men (OR=2.18, 95% CI 1.88, 2.51) and having multiple sexual partners (OR=1.61, 95% CI 1.24, 2.09) were associated with increased Mpox infection risk. Conversely, smallpox vaccination was associated with a significantly reduced risk of Mpox infection (OR=0.24, 95% CI 0.11, 0.55).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Identification of risk factors associated with Mpox provides insights for strategic public health planning, enabling targeted interventions for high-risk groups and optimising resource allocation to strengthen Mpox control efforts.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-016937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T09:50:22Z","timestamp":1738576222000},"page":"e016937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Risk factors associated with human Mpox infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5013-2253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chigozie Louisa Jane","family":"Ugwu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Industrial & Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola Luigi","family":"Bragazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Industrial & Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Genova, Faculty of Medicine, Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Industrial & Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jude Dzevela","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Artificial Intelligence and Mathematical Modelling Lab, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Asgary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Administrative Studies, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional Studies, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Orbinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0336-7831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woldegebriel Assefa","family":"Woldegerima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Industrial & Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025072914030346000_10.2.e016937.1","unstructured":"WHO . 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