{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,14]],"date-time":"2026-11-14T05:42:28Z","timestamp":1794634948758,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Glob Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cancer, a major global health challenge, not only threatens lives but also imposes severe financial burdens, known as \u2018financial toxicity\u2019. This strain extends beyond treatment costs to include indirect expenses like lost income and out-of-pocket payments. Despite its urgency, global insights remain fragmented, often limited to specific regions with inconsistent findings. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to provide a comprehensive overview of cancer-related financial toxicity and identify key risk factors contributing to this burden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, searching databases like Medline, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, International Scientific Indexing and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed observational studies. Data were extracted into Microsoft Excel 2021, and study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA V.17, with catastrophic health expenditures (CHEs) pooled via a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was explored to understand variations in study outcomes. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess individual study impacts, while publication bias was evaluated using Begger and Egger\u2019s tests. Univariate meta-regression analysis determined the impact of study-level covariates on CHE estimates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This analysis included 35 observational studies, covering 428\u2009373 patients with cancer. The pooled prevalence of CHE was 56.1% (95% CI 48.3% to 63.8%). Key risk factors included large family size, low income, lack of health insurance, longer disease duration, older age and multiple treatments. Higher education levels were associated with reduced CHE risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over half of patients with cancer (56.1%) face catastrophic health expenditures, highlighting a severe financial burden. Addressing this issue requires expanding health insurance, providing financial support and ensuring affordable cancer care. Improving education access can also reduce CHE risk among patients with cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-017133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T11:55:15Z","timestamp":1739188515000},"page":"e017133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["The financial toxicity of cancer: unveiling global burden and risk factors \u2013 a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7199-1249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tegene Atamenta","family":"Kitaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, College of Health Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Befkad Derese","family":"Tilahun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, College of Health Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8195-3011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alemu Birara","family":"Zemariam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, College of Health Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0572-3414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Addisu","family":"Getie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9902-7921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Molla Azmeraw","family":"Bizuayehu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, College of Health Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ribka Nigatu","family":"Haile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, College of Health Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025073013521135000_10.2.e017133.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2019.09.002","article-title":"The impact of health expenditures on public health in BRICS nations","volume":"8","author":"Jakovljevic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"key":"2025073013521135000_10.2.e017133.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.51594\/imsrj.v4i4.1050","article-title":"Financing models for global health initiatives: Lessons from maternal and gender equality programs","volume":"4","author":"Kuteesa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Med Sci Res J"},{"key":"2025073013521135000_10.2.e017133.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60685-0"},{"key":"2025073013521135000_10.2.e017133.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/esmoopen-2017-000285","article-title":"Global cancer control: responding to the growing burden, rising costs and inequalities in access","volume":"3","author":"Prager","year":"2018","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"2025073013521135000_10.2.e017133.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yassine F , Kharfan-Dabaja MA . 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