{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T03:01:55Z","timestamp":1773975715763,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Glob Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence remains a major public health concern in Sierra Leone. This study examines the trends and spatial patterns of human immunodeficiency virus prevalence among men and women in Sierra Leone using data from the 2008, 2013, and 2019 Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Surveys (SLDHS).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We analyzed data from three SLDHS conducted in 2008, 2013, and 2019. Men and women aged 15\u201349 who tested for HIV were eligible. A trend analysis was used to examine the change in human immunodeficiency virus prevalence. Spatial autocorrelation and Moran\u2019s I statistic were used to assess the spatial distribution of human immunodeficiency virus prevalence. We used the 2019 SLDHS to determine the predictors of human immunodeficiency virus prevalence using geographically weighted regression.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study found that human immunodeficiency virus prevalence was 1.5% in 2008, 1.3% in 2013 and 1.7% in 2019. From 2008 to 2019, human immunodeficiency virus prevalence in the Western and Northwest regions increased, with a consistent rise in the Southern region and an increase in the Northern regions. We identified hotspots for human immunodeficiency virus prevalence in Koinadugu, Kono, Bo and Kailahun districts. In 2008 and 2013, the Kono district had the highest human immunodeficiency virus prevalence, while the western areas, Port Loko and Bombali districts had the highest risk in 2019. Our geographically weighted regression analysis indicated that, age 15\u201319, urban residence and no formal education were predictors of HIV prevalence in 2019.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The human immunodeficiency virus prevalence across different districts is inconsistent, with Western areas having a higher prevalence while Southern and Northern regions showed varying trends. Hotspot regions were identified, with changes in high-risk areas over time. Predictors of human immunodeficiency virus prevalence in hotspot areas include age 15\u201319, urban residents and no formal education. The study suggests the need for prevention and intervention programmes for these high-risk areas and groups to reduce human immunodeficiency virus transmission in Sierra Leone.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-017208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T18:20:15Z","timestamp":1754418015000},"page":"e017208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Trends and spatial patterns of human immunodeficiency virus prevalence among men and women aged 15\u201349 in Sierra Leone: evidence from the 2008, 2013 and 2019 Demographic and Health Surveys"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6457-3121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lovel","family":"Fornah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Allied Sciences, Ernest Bai Koroma University of Science and Technology, Makeni, Northern, Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5633-1309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mulugeta Shegaze","family":"Shimbre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, SNNPR, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0226-841X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Augustus","family":"Osborne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences, Njala University, Moyamba, Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.1","unstructured":"UNAIDS . The path that ends AIDS: UNAIDS Global AIDS update 2023. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS: UNAIDS; 2023. Available: https:\/\/thepath.unaids.org\/wp-content\/themes\/unaids2023\/assets\/files\/2023_report.pdf [Accessed 3 Mar 2024]."},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.2","unstructured":"UNAIDS . Fact sheet-global HIV statistic 2023. Available: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf [Accessed 3 Mar 2024]."},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.3","unstructured":"UNAIDS . Data. 2023. Available: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/data-book-2023_en.pdf [Accessed 3 Mar 2024]."},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137055","article-title":"Factors Associated with HIV Prevalence and HIV Testing in Sierra Leone: Findings from the 2008 Demographic Health Survey","volume":"10","author":"Brima","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.5","unstructured":"Statistics Sierra Leone (SSL) and ICF Macro (2009) . Sierra leone demographic and health survey 2008. Sldhs report 2008. Calverton, Maryland, USA Statistics Sierra Leone (SSL) and ICF Macro; 2009. Available: https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/FR225\/FR225.pdf"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.6","unstructured":"Statistics Sierra Leone (SSL) and ICF International (2014) . Sierra leone demographic and health survey 2013. Rockville, Maryland, USA Sierra Leone: SSL and ICF International; 2014. Available: https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/FR297\/FR297.pdf"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.7","unstructured":"Statistics Sierra Leone (Stats SL) and ICF(2020) . Sierra leone demographic and health survey 2019. Rockville, Maryland, USA Sierra Leone: Stats SL and ICF; 2020. Available: https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/FR365\/FR365.pdf"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.8","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Sierra Leone . Sierra Leone HIV national strategic plan 2016\u20132020. Freetown Ministry of Health and Sanitation; 2016. Available: https:\/\/portal.mohs.gov.sl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/sierra-leone-hiv-national-strategic-plan-2016-2020.pdf"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.15265\/IY-2014-0008","article-title":"A Review and Framework for Categorizing Current Research and Development in Health Related Geographical Information Systems (GIS) Studies","volume":"23","author":"Lyseen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Yearb Med Inform"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216388","article-title":"Geographic Information Systems, spatial analysis, and HIV in Africa: A scoping review","volume":"14","author":"Boyda","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.11","unstructured":"Judice N , Datar AL . Demand for and uses of geospatial mapping in hiv programs. documenting the experiences of end-users in mpumalanga province south africa. Brief; 2014."},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-008669","article-title":"Social determinants of HIV infection, hotspot areas and subpopulation groups in Ethiopia: evidence from the National Demographic and Health Survey in 2011","volume":"5","author":"Lakew","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13356","article-title":"Spatial distribution and characteristics of HIV clusters in Ethiopia","volume":"25","author":"Ying","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tropical Med Int Health"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.02.046","article-title":"Spatial clustering and socio-demographic determinants of HIV infection in Ethiopia, 2015\u20132017","volume":"82","author":"Gelaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-019-0594-9","article-title":"Trends and spatial distributions of HIV prevalence in Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Kibret","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfeiffer DU RT , Stevenson M , Stevens KB , et al . Spatial analysis in epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 2008:142.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198509882.001.0001"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07037-7","article-title":"Prevalence of risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus among women of reproductive age in Sierra Leone: a 2019 nationwide survey","volume":"22","author":"Kawuki","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X15666170517101349","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Syphilis Infections Among Military Personnel in Sierra Leone","volume":"15","author":"Djibo","year":"2017","journal-title":"CHR"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2395-1"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236358","article-title":"Improving inpatient provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling in Sierra Leone","volume":"15","author":"Kassa","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4742-x"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001418","article-title":"Community-Level HIV Stigma as a Driver for HIV Transmission Risk Behaviors and Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Sierra Leone: A Population-Based Study","volume":"75","author":"Kelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-022-01036-1","article-title":"Spatial\u2013temporal heterogeneity and determinants of HIV prevalence in the Mano River Union countries","volume":"11","author":"Laybohr Kamara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.24","unstructured":"MEASURE DHS program. Available: https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/Data\/terms-of-use.cfm [Accessed 28 Aug 2023]."},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.25","unstructured":"Spatial Data Repository, The Demographic and Health Surveys Program . ICF international. funded by the united states agency for international development (USAID). Available: https:\/\/spatialdata.dhsprogram.com\/ [Accessed 3 Mar 2024]."},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-015-0055-z","article-title":"Mapping HIV prevalence using population and antenatal sentinel-based HIV surveys: a multi-stage approach","volume":"13","author":"Manda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Popul Health Metrics"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09464-y"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1200-9","article-title":"Mapping HIV prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa between 2000 and 2017","volume":"570","author":"Dwyer-Lindgren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2760-3","article-title":"Spatial analysis of HIV infection and associated individual characteristics in Burundi: indications for effective prevention","volume":"16","author":"Barankanira","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sste.2015.12.003","article-title":"Assessing the spatial nonstationarity in relationship between local patterns of HIV infections and the covariates in South Africa: A geographically weighted regression analysis","volume":"16","author":"Wabiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-1"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031906","article-title":"Prevalence and Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Behavioral Risk Factors of Self-Reported Symptoms of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) among Ever-Married Women: Evidence from Nationally Representative Surveys in Bangladesh","volume":"19","author":"Huda","year":"2022","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4277-8"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29247","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v9.29247","article-title":"Secular trends in HIV knowledge and attitudes among Vietnamese women based on the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, 2000, 2006, and 2011: what do we know and what should we do to protect them?","volume":"9","author":"Huy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02313-3","article-title":"Trends and factors associated with HIV testing among women aged 15\u201349 years in Belize: an analysis using the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2006, 2011, and 2015\u20132016","volume":"23","author":"Leonardo","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.36","unstructured":"Rutstein SO , Staveteig S . Making the demographic and health surveys wealth index comparable. Rockville, MD ICF international; 2014."},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337354","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1337354","article-title":"Spatial mapping and predictors of ever-tested for HIV in adolescent girls and young women in Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"Shimbre","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3342"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8306.2004.09402005.x"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-010-9350-1","article-title":"Mapping the HIV\/AIDS epidemic in Nigeria using exploratory spatial data analysis","volume":"77","author":"Djukpen","year":"2012","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zulu LC , Kalipeni E , Johannes E . Analyzing spatial clustering and the spatiotemporal nature and trends of HIV\/AIDS prevalence using GIS: the case of Malawi, 1994-2010. BMC Infect Dis 2014;14. doi:10.1186\/1471-2334-14-285","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-285"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.42","unstructured":"Krivoruchko K . Empirical bayesian kriging. ArcUser Fall; 2012.1145. Available: https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/download\/77188872\/ebk.pdf"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271221","article-title":"Spatial distribution and determinants of HIV prevalence among adults in urban Ethiopia: Findings from the Ethiopia Population-based HIV Impact Assessment Survey (2017\u20132018)","volume":"17","author":"Gelibo","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1269009"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s11802-018-3380-6","article-title":"Evaluation of Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) for Water Quality Monitoring: A Case Study for the Estimation of Salinity","volume":"17","author":"Nazeer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Ocean Univ China"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259147","article-title":"Geographic weighted regression analysis of hot spots of anemia and its associated factors among children aged 6-59 months in Ethiopia: A geographic weighted regression analysis and multilevel robust Poisson regression analysis","volume":"16","author":"Tesema","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146119","article-title":"Geographic Variations in Retention in Care among HIV-Infected Adults in the United States","volume":"11","author":"Rebeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274995","article-title":"Geographically weighted regression analysis of anemia and its associated factors among reproductive age women in Ethiopia using 2016 demographic and health survey","volume":"17","author":"Belay","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yendewa GA , Poveda E , Yendewa SA , et al . HIV\/AIDS in Sierra Leone: Characterizing the Hidden Epidemic. AIDSRev 2019;20. doi:10.24875\/AIDSRev.M18000022","DOI":"10.24875\/AIDSRev.M18000022"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216321","article-title":"Determinants of consistently high HIV prevalence in Indian Districts: A multi-level analysis","volume":"14","author":"Joshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.supp.2019.32.1.13330","article-title":"Demographic factors associated with HIV infection between low and high prevalence areas in Nigeria, 2015","volume":"32","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121775","article-title":"Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in HIV prevalence among young people in seven countries in eastern and southern Africa","volume":"10","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1089\/heq.2018.0060","article-title":"Gender Disparities in Receipt of HIV Testing Results in Six Sub-Saharan African Countries","volume":"2","author":"Gebregziabher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Equity"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9566.2010.01304.x","article-title":"Understanding the gender disparity in HIV infection across countries in sub\u2010Saharan Africa: evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys","volume":"33","author":"Magadi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sociol Health Illn"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1017\/S002193200700257X","article-title":"GENDER INEQUALITY INCREASES WOMEN\u2019S RISK OF HIV INFECTION IN MOSHI, TANZANIA","volume":"40","author":"Sa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biosoc Sci"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.56","first-page":"214","article-title":"Analysis of Spatial Spread of HIV\/AIDS and its Awareness between Rural and Urban Areas of Kano","volume":"5","author":"Lambu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Academic Research International"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chimoyi L , Matsena-Zingoni Z , Charalambous S , et al . Assessing spatial patterns of HIV prevalence and interventions in semi-urban settings in South Africa. Implications for spatially targeted interventions. Geospat Health 2022;17. doi:10.4081\/gh.2022.1084","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2022.1084"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3424","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18073424","article-title":"Spatial Analysis of HIV Infection and Associated Risk Factors in Botswana","volume":"18","author":"Solomon","year":"2021","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-12-28","article-title":"Mapping HIV clustering: a strategy for identifying populations at high risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"12","author":"Cuadros","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2016.02.009","article-title":"Changing spatial patterns and increasing rurality of HIV prevalence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 2007 and 2013","volume":"39","author":"Carrel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13090865","article-title":"Geographical Patterns of HIV Sero-Discordancy in High HIV Prevalence Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"13","author":"Cuadros","year":"2016","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"2025080511200488000_10.8.e017208.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nutor JJ , Duah HO , Agbadi P , et al . Spatial analysis of factors associated with HIV infection in Malawi: indicators for effective prevention. BMC Public Health 2020;20. doi:10.1186\/s12889-020-09278-0","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09278-0"}],"container-title":["BMJ Global Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-017208","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T18:20:23Z","timestamp":1754418023000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gh.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-017208"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-017208"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-017208","relation":{},"ISSN":["2059-7908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2059-7908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}}}