{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T16:51:27Z","timestamp":1779295887461,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Glob Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Violence against women (VAW) contributes significantly to women\u2019s distress affecting physical and mental health of women and their families\u2019 well-being. Most analyses on distress and VAW use cross-sectional data, inhibiting any causal inference. Furthermore, different trajectories of women\u2019s distress are usually ignored while assessing the impact of VAW. This study addresses these gaps in the literature by examining the impact of different types of VAW on different stress trajectories of women.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The data are from a cohort study in Bangladesh known as the Maternal and Infant Nutrition Interventions in Matlab (MINIMat). This analysis includes a subsample of the MINIMat participants (n=1066) with data on domestic violence (DV) and distress at enrolment (2001\u20132020) and 10-year and 18-year follow-ups. Logistic regression analysis, latent class growth modelling and multinomial logistic regression modelling were used in the analyses.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Physical violence, emotional violence and controlling behaviour were identified as risk factors for women\u2019s distress. Three distress trajectories identified within the sample are: (1) persistently low distress, (2) persistently increasing distress and (3) high midlife distress. Women who reported ever experiencing physical violence (OR 1.69; 95%\u2009CI 1.17 to 2.44) and controlling behaviour (OR 1.41; 95%\u2009CI 1.43 to 1.91) at enrolment were more likely to have persistently increasing distress compared with women in the persistently low distress trajectory. Women who reported ever experiencing emotional violence (OR 2.23; 95%\u2009CI 1.20 to 4.13) and controlling behaviour at enrolment (OR 2.31; 95%\u2009CI 1.30 to 4.10) were more likely to be in the high midlife distress trajectory.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although all the studied types of DV caused distress in the long run, exposure to physical DV and controlling behaviour had the worst effect by ever-increasing distress over an 18-year period. Exposure to emotional DV and controlling behaviour also increased distress over a 10-year period. These findings are valuable for targeting the most vulnerable groups in resource-poor settings.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-017209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T01:45:17Z","timestamp":1749606317000},"page":"e017209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Is domestic violence a risk factor for women\u2019s emotional distress in the long run? Analysis of MINIMat longitudinal data from Matlab, Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"isrctn16581394","registry":"10.18810\/isrctn"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4694-8761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jannatul Ferdous","family":"Antu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6062-4072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S M Tafsir","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0363-5648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruchira Tabassum","family":"Naved","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025072913081491000_10.6.e017209.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380211036070","article-title":"Domestic Violence Against Women in North African and Middle Eastern Countries: A Scoping Review","volume":"24","author":"Kisa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"2025072913081491000_10.6.e017209.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02182-3","article-title":"Exploring the causal role of intimate partner violence and abuse on depressive symptoms in young adults: a population-based cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Herbert","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2025072913081491000_10.6.e017209.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019995","article-title":"Recent intimate partner violence against women and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"8","author":"Bacchus","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025072913081491000_10.6.e017209.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178138","article-title":"Intimate partner violence adversely impacts health over 16 years and across generations: A longitudinal cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Loxton","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025072913081491000_10.6.e017209.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.10.085217","article-title":"Violence against women: an urgent public health priority","volume":"89","author":"Garcia-Moreno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2025072913081491000_10.6.e017209.6","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Moreno C , Pallitto C , Devries K , et al . Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. World Health Organization; 2013."},{"key":"2025072913081491000_10.6.e017209.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02664-7"},{"key":"2025072913081491000_10.6.e017209.8","unstructured":"Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) . Report on national violence against women survey 2015. Dhaka, Bangladesh Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics; 2016."},{"key":"2025072913081491000_10.6.e017209.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168103","article-title":"Experiencing Lifetime Domestic Violence: Associations with Mental Health and Stress among Pregnant Women in Rural Bangladesh: The MINIMat Randomized Trial","volume":"11","author":"Ziaei","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025072913081491000_10.6.e017209.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60522-X"},{"key":"2025072913081491000_10.6.e017209.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022079418229"},{"key":"2025072913081491000_10.6.e017209.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archfami.9.5.451"},{"key":"2025072913081491000_10.6.e017209.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08336-8"},{"key":"2025072913081491000_10.6.e017209.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.4061"},{"key":"2025072913081491000_10.6.e017209.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy102","article-title":"Cohort Profile: The Maternal and Infant Nutrition Interventions in Matlab (MINIMat) cohort in Bangladesh","volume":"47","author":"Arifeen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025072913081491000_10.6.e017209.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/019251396017003001","article-title":"The revised conflict tactics scales (CTS2) development and preliminary psychometric data","volume":"17 (3)","author":"Straus","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Fam Issues"},{"key":"2025072913081491000_10.6.e017209.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764006061251"},{"key":"2025072913081491000_10.6.e017209.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-11-116","article-title":"Psychometric properties and longitudinal validation of the self-reporting questionnaire (SRQ-20) in a Rwandan community setting: a validation study","volume":"11","author":"Scholte","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"2025072913081491000_10.6.e017209.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2008.00873.x"},{"key":"2025072913081491000_10.6.e017209.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2016.1247646","article-title":"The GRoLTS-Checklist: Guidelines for Reporting on Latent Trajectory Studies","volume":"24","author":"van de Schoot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Struct Equ Modeling"},{"key":"2025072913081491000_10.6.e017209.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6303-y","article-title":"Exploring the relationships between sexual violence, mental health and perpetrator identity: a cross-sectional Australian primary care study","volume":"18","author":"Tarzia","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025072913081491000_10.6.e017209.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2009.0583"},{"key":"2025072913081491000_10.6.e017209.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.06.002"},{"key":"2025072913081491000_10.6.e017209.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-012-0045-1"},{"key":"2025072913081491000_10.6.e017209.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/IQ.32.4.f"},{"key":"2025072913081491000_10.6.e017209.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1121400"}],"container-title":["BMJ Global Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-017209","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T20:08:24Z","timestamp":1753819704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gh.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-017209"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-017209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-017209","relation":{},"ISSN":["2059-7908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2059-7908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}}}