{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:34:56Z","timestamp":1787016896859,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Glob Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The WHO maintains a Model List of Essential Medicines, which guides countries in developing their National Essential Medicines List (NEML) to improve access to medicines. We aimed to assess the time it took for countries to adjust their NEMLs when medicines were added or deleted from the WHO Model List and if this differed between priority diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We extracted medicines added or deleted from the WHO Model List (2007\u20132021) for selected priority diseases: diabetes, hepatitis C, HIV, oncology and tuberculosis. These medicines were compared with NEMLs from 20 countries; reimbursement lists (RLs) were used in the absence of an NEML. The time to inclusion in NEMLs\/RLs and the percentage of included medicines in the most recent NEML\/RL were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>90 medicines were added, and 15 medicines were deleted from the WHO Model List. Low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) mostly included medicines in NEMLs after their addition to the WHO Model List (median: 1 year), and high-income countries prior to addition (median: \u20139 years). Medicines for HIV (62%) and tuberculosis (59%) were most frequently included in the most recent NEML\/RL. High-income countries included the most medicines for diabetes (86%) and oncology (67%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The WHO Model List may be a guiding tool for selecting medicines in LMICs, although it is applied differently between the priority diseases included in the present study. More medicines could be included in NEMLs for non-communicable diseases, which impose a large health burden on LMICs, as a first step to ensure their sustainable access.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-018550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T07:00:13Z","timestamp":1749798013000},"page":"e018550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Time to inclusion of selected medicines for priority diseases in National Essential Medicines Lists compared with the WHO Model List"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1799-7795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moska","family":"Hellamand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Utrecht WHO Collaborating Centre for Pharmaceutical Policy and Regulation, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tessa E","family":"Moleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utrecht WHO Collaborating Centre for Pharmaceutical Policy and Regulation, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annet P","family":"Post","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utrecht WHO Collaborating Centre for Pharmaceutical Policy and Regulation, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8782-0698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aukje K","family":"Mantel-Teeuwisse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utrecht WHO Collaborating Centre for Pharmaceutical Policy and Regulation, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8559-9168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatima","family":"Suleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Pharmaceutical Policy and Evidence Based Practice, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1339-9818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hendrika A","family":"van den Ham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utrecht WHO Collaborating Centre for Pharmaceutical Policy and Regulation, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.1","unstructured":"United Nations . Sustainable Development Goals, Available: https:\/\/sdgs.un.org\/goals"},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.2","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Equitable access to essential medicines: a framework for collective action, Available: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/68571"},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13375-2","article-title":"25 years of the WHO essential medicines lists: progress and challenges","volume":"361","author":"Laing","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.4","unstructured":"Ham R , Bero L , Laing R . Selection of essential medicines. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011."},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.18.222448"},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087576","article-title":"Essential medicines are more available than other medicines around the globe","volume":"9","author":"Bazargani","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.10.084327"},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002032","article-title":"Prices, Costs, and Affordability of New Medicines for Hepatitis C in 30 Countries: An Economic Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Iyengar","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-077776","article-title":"Refocusing the World Health Organization\u2019s Model List of Essential Medicines on the needs of low and middle income countries","volume":"385","author":"Wirtz","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.19459"},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.11","unstructured":"Hellamand M , Suleman F , Mantel-Teeuwisse A , et al . The current relevance of the World Health Organization\u2019s Model List of Essential Medicines (Rapid Response), 2024. Available: https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/385\/bmj-2023-077776\/rr [Accessed 2 Dec 2024]."},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hellamand M , Post A , Mantel-Teeuwisse A . Abstracts from the 5th PPRI conference 2024: ensuring access to affordable medicines through innovative policies, Vienna, Austria, 25\u201326 April 2024. J Pharm Policy Pract 2024;17. doi:10.1080\/20523211.2024.2331920","DOI":"10.1080\/20523211.2024.2331920"},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.13","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Model List of Essential Medicines, Available: https:\/\/list.essentialmeds.org\/"},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdt514"},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-015-1583-4","article-title":"Essential medicines for breast cancer in low and middle income countries","volume":"15","author":"Bazargani","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2075-0","article-title":"ART access-related barriers faced by HIV-positive persons linked to care in southern Ghana: a mixed method study","volume":"16","author":"Ankomah","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70130-0"},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.18","first-page":"298","article-title":"Progress in achieving universal access to care for multidrug- resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)","volume":"61","author":"Wares","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc"},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.19","unstructured":"WH Organization . The Selection and Use of Essential Medicines, 2007. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241209465"},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.20","unstructured":"WH Organization . The Selection and Use of Essential Medicines, 2009. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241209588"},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.21","unstructured":"World Health Organization . The Selection and Use of Essential Medicines (2011) - TRS 965 (WHO Technical Report Series). Report No.: 965, 2011. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241209656 [Accessed 1 Jul 2024]."},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.22","unstructured":"World Health Organization . The Selection and Use of Essential Medicines (2013) - TRS 985 (WHO Technical Report Series). Report No.: 985, 2013. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241209854 [Accessed 1 Jul 2024]."},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.23","unstructured":"World Health Organization . The Selection and Use of Essential Medicines (2015) - TRS 994. (WHO Technical Report Series), 2015. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241209946 [Accessed 1 Jul 2024]."},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.24","unstructured":"World Health Organization . The Selection and Use of Essential Medicines (2017) - TRS 1006. (WHO Technical Report Series). Report No.: 1006, 2017. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/9789241210157 [Accessed 1 Mar 2024]."},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.25","unstructured":"World Health Organization . The Selection and Use of Essential Medicines (2019) - TRS 1021 [Internet]. (WHO Technical Report Series). Report No.: 1021, 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241210300 [Accessed 1 Jul 2024]."},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.26","unstructured":"WH Organization . The Selection and Use of Essential Medicines, 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/9789240041134"},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.27","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Additions and deletions of medicines on the WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines, 2019. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHOMVPEMPIAU2019.01 [Accessed 1 Jul 2024]."},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.28","unstructured":"World Health Organization . National Medicines List\/Formulary\/Standard Treatment Guidelines, Available: http:\/\/www.who.int\/selection_medicines\/country_lists\/en\/ [Accessed 1 Mar 2018]."},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.29","unstructured":"World Bank . WDI: The World by Income and Region, Available: https:\/\/datatopics.worldbank.org\/world-development-indicators\/the-world-by-income-and-region.html [Accessed 29 Mar 2024]."},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.30","unstructured":"World Bank . GDP per capita, PPP (current international $), Available: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD [Accessed 29 Mar 2024]."},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.31","unstructured":"World Bank . Gini index, Available: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SI.POV.GINI [Accessed 29 Mar 2024]."},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.32","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Countries overview, Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/countries [Accessed 29 Mar 2024]."},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.33","unstructured":"Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network . Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) Results [Internet]. Seattle, United States: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), 2020. Available: https:\/\/vizhub.healthdata.org\/gbd-results [Accessed 29 Mar 2024]."},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.10.027","article-title":"A Chronology of Global Assistance Funding for NCD","volume":"11","author":"Nugent","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob Heart"},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i2035","article-title":"What does it mean to put new hepatitis C drugs on a list of essential medicines?","volume":"353","author":"Urrutia","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.36","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Guidelines for medicine donations, revised 2010 [Internet]. Geneva, 2011. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241501989 [Accessed 11 Sep 2024]."},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-47094-9","article-title":"Economic burden of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis on patients and households: a global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Akalu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302392"},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30925-9"},{"key":"#cr-split#-2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.40.1","unstructured":"WH Organization . WHO Model List of Essential Medicines - 22nd list, 2021 [Internet]. Geneva"},{"key":"#cr-split#-2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.40.2","unstructured":"(WHO Model List of Essential Medicines), 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/WHO-MHP-HPS-EML-2021.02 [Accessed 1 Mar 2024]."},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.41","unstructured":"Santos R . New WHO Essential Medicines List Includes Controversial Insulin Analogues; Recommends Action On High Medicines Prices - Health Policy Watch [Internet]. New WHO Essential Medicines List Includes Controversial Insulin Analogues; Recommends Action on High Medicines Prices, 2021. Available: https:\/\/healthpolicy-watch.news\/who-essential-medicines-insulin-analogues\/ [Accessed 1 Mar 2024]."},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyac143"},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1860","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00376-X","article-title":"Cancer medicines on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines: processes, challenges, and a way forward","volume":"10","author":"Jenei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2025073015233753000_10.6.e018550.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(23)00176-1","article-title":"Updating the WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines to promote global access to the most cost-effective and safe medicines for mental disorders","volume":"10","author":"Papola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["BMJ Global Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-018550","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T22:23:44Z","timestamp":1753914224000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gh.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-018550"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-018550"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-018550","relation":{},"ISSN":["2059-7908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2059-7908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}}}