{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:50:33Z","timestamp":1767340233959,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Glob Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>India is committed to eliminate malaria by 2030. However, there has been a continuous debate between National Malaria Control Programmes (NMCPs) and World Health rganization (WHO) on the differential perception of malaria burden. The evident gap between the reported cases by NMCPs and WHO estimations, particularly for India, has never been unbiasedly addressed. This work provides a critical understanding of gaps between estimated and reported cases (ERR) of malaria and the possible reasons thereof.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>We calculated the ratio between estimated and reported cases, called ERR thereof, for highlighting this gap from 2010 to 2022. We also dissected some of the assumptions\/adjustments used by WHO to compensate for data inadequacy while estimating malaria cases. The contribution of private sector in reporting malaria cases and contemporary research data on malaria burden in India were correlated with ERR.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>ERR remained consistently high (WHO-South-East Asia Region &gt;6; India &gt;10) from 2010 to 2022. Certain assumptions\/adjustment factors used by WHO for estimation were unclear. Malaria case reporting from private sector in India was virtually non-existent contributing to consistently high ERR. Data from contemporary research in India also reveal a high burden gap with microscopy-positivity being 3 to 55 times higher than that reported by the NMCP.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>There still remain a few areas where more detailed clarification is needed both from the WHO and the NMCPs reporting malaria burden specifically regarding malaria case reporting from the private health sectors. If these issues are addressed and resolved, the gap between ERR can be narrowed down or even zeroed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2025-019170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T04:50:30Z","timestamp":1758603030000},"page":"e019170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Time to address the drawbacks in estimation and reporting of malaria cases in India and beyond"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7054-4802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nimita","family":"Deora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3407-4900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richa","family":"Singhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India"},{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1900-7686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhinav","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India"},{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092221502015000_10.9.e019170.1","unstructured":"World malaria report 2024: addressing inequity in the global malaria response. licence: cc by-nc-sa 3.0 i. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024."},{"key":"2025092221502015000_10.9.e019170.2","unstructured":"World malaria report 2023. licence: cc by-nc-sa 3.0 igo. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023."},{"key":"2025092221502015000_10.9.e019170.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venkatesan P . The 2023 WHO World malaria report. Lancet Microbe 2024;5. doi:10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00016-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00016-8"},{"key":"2025092221502015000_10.9.e019170.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar A , Valecha N , Jain T , et al . Burden of Malaria in India: Retrospective and Prospective View. In Defining and Defeating the Intolerable Burden of Malaria III: Progress and Perspectives. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007.","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.69"},{"key":"2025092221502015000_10.9.e019170.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61084-7"},{"key":"2025092221502015000_10.9.e019170.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60831-8"},{"key":"2025092221502015000_10.9.e019170.7","unstructured":"World malaria report 2008. licence: cc by-nc-sa 3.0 igo. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008."},{"key":"2025092221502015000_10.9.e019170.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0025","article-title":"Active Engagement of Private Healthcare Providers Is Needed to Propel Malaria Elimination in India","volume":"106","author":"Rahi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2025092221502015000_10.9.e019170.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lansea.2022.100059","article-title":"India could harness public-private partnerships to achieve malaria elimination","volume":"5","author":"Rahi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia"},{"key":"2025092221502015000_10.9.e019170.10","unstructured":"National Strategic Plan (NSP) . Malaria elimination (2023-2027). national centre for vector borne disease control, ministry of health and family welfare, government of india. 2023. Available: https:\/\/ncvbdc.mohfw.gov.in\/"},{"key":"2025092221502015000_10.9.e019170.11","unstructured":"World Health Organization . World health organization (2018) who technical consultation on research requirements to support policy recommendations on highly sensitive point-of-care diagnostics for p. falciparum malaria. Malaria Policy Advisory Committee Meeting, WHO\/CDS\/GMP\/MPAC\/2018.17; 2018."},{"key":"2025092221502015000_10.9.e019170.12","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Meeting report of the who evidence review group on low-density malaria infections. Malaria Policy Advisory Committee Meeting; 2017."},{"key":"2025092221502015000_10.9.e019170.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.07.017","article-title":"Plasmodium and malaria: adding to the don\u2019ts","volume":"37","author":"Chauhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"2025092221502015000_10.9.e019170.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lansea.2022.05.001","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis on sub-microscopic Plasmodium infections in India: Different perspectives and global challenges","volume":"2","author":"Deora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia"}],"container-title":["BMJ Global Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2025-019170","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T04:50:37Z","timestamp":1758603037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gh.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2025-019170"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjgh-2025-019170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2025-019170","relation":{},"ISSN":["2059-7908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2059-7908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}}}