{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T13:21:55Z","timestamp":1788355315280,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Glob Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetes mellitus accounts for a significant share of morbidity and mortality in ages 30\u201370 years worldwide. In sub-Saharan Africa, diabetes care is often suboptimal for reasons ranging from health system weaknesses to patient illiteracy and non-compliance with recommendations. This study explores the potential costs and health benefits of optimising care for uncomplicated type 2 diabetes in Lagos State, Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Longitudinal data on medical care patterns and resource use (consultations, medications, diagnostics and lifestyle counselling) over a 1-year period were collected retrospectively from 84 health facilities in Lagos. Medical resource prices were obtained from a subsample of 26 facilities. Patient care gaps were assessed by comparing actual journeys to official diabetes management guidelines. Mixed-effect regression analyses were employed to explore the impact of care elements on blood glucose control and model the potential complications averted if all patients received recommended care, with extrapolation to the entire Lagos population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from 642 patients with uncomplicated type 2 diabetes were analysed. A one-unit increase in consultation score (a measure of the adequacy of consultation visits) and having health insurance coverage were linked to 47-unit and 29-unit lower blood glucose levels, respectively. Optimising diabetes care requires additional US$357 per patient annually, totalling US$206 million statewide, with medications comprising 73% of costs. Enhanced care could reduce stroke and myocardial infarction by 2% (12 675 cases) and 4% (22 282 cases) over 7 years, respectively, at a cost of US$5893 per complication averted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There are significant potential health and economic benefits from the optimisation of diabetes care in the State, but realising these benefits will require substantial additional investment alongside efficiency gains in medicines procurement and care delivery. There is a need to explore innovative financing and delivery options, including digital value-based care interventions and cost-saving care approaches such as pooled medication procurement, while also investing in local medicines production capacity and expansion of the health insurance coverage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2025-019477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T13:20:11Z","timestamp":1777987211000},"page":"e019477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Optimising care for uncomplicated type 2 diabetes mellitus in Lagos, Nigeria: cost and benefit estimates using real-world data"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0611-6795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martilord","family":"Ifeanyichi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Learning Unit, PharmAccess Foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"African Centre for Health Economics and Policy Research, Enugu, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8555-8596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria P","family":"G\u00f3mez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Learning Unit, PharmAccess Foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bolanle","family":"Banigbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resolve to Saves Lives, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibironke","family":"Dada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PharmAccess Foundation, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adedamola A","family":"Dada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Medical Centre Ebute-Metta, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuella","family":"Zamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lagos State Health Scheme, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"van Andel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Learning Unit, PharmAccess Foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias F","family":"Rinke de Wit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Learning Unit, PharmAccess Foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7809-1657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Dieteren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Learning Unit, PharmAccess Foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090206051014000_11.5.e019477.1","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation . 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