{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T04:09:39Z","timestamp":1769573379431,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Glob Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this gap map is to provide an overview of existing evidence on the health of South Asian migrants and refugees in Australia and highlight research gaps.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched four databases until June 2025 to include quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods studies conducted in Australia and published from the year 2000 onwards on health of migrants and refugees from South Asian countries. Two reviewers screened titles\/abstracts and full texts using Covidence to establish eligibility. The included studies were then coded in Evidence for Policy &amp; Practice Information Centre - Reviewer (EPPI-Reviewer) to generate a gap map.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The evidence gap map summarises findings from 129 studies (66 qualitative, 52 quantitative and 11 mixed methods studies) reporting on the health and well-being of migrants from South Asian countries residing in Australia. The gap map depicts that mental health conditions, non-communicable diseases and maternal health are relatively well-evidenced domains compared with other health conditions. Knowledge, attitudes, perceptions and behaviours are the most frequently evaluated outcomes, followed by experiences with healthcare system, prevalence of health conditions and factors associated with healthcare access and utilisation. There are evident data gaps assessing survival\/mortality, access and utilisation of health services and cost-effectiveness. There is sparse evidence on the effectiveness of interventions\/strategies to improve health status, access and utilisation of health services and their impact on survival and mortality. Health literacy, language proficiency, competing priorities, negative beliefs, past experiences, confusion in navigating the healthcare system and cost of services were reported as barriers in accessing healthcare services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight the scarcity of evidence beyond the descriptive measures on health of South Asian migrants in Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Priority areas for future research include generating data to establish causal relationships between population-specific risk factors and adverse health outcomes by establishing long-term cohorts. These data would assist in designing and evaluating context-specific interventions that are feasible and acceptable to improve health outcomes in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2025-019704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T15:40:14Z","timestamp":1769528414000},"page":"e019704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Health of South Asian migrants and refugees in Australia: an evidence gap map"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Rehana Abdus","family":"Salam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, and Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4757-6042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patience","family":"Castleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Adelaide Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tesfaye Setegn","family":"Mengistu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soumyadeep","family":"Bhaumik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mumtaz","family":"Begum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5350-6334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zohra","family":"Lassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide Robinson Research Institute, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012707400643000_11.1.e019704.1","unstructured":"McAuliffe MaLAOe . World Migration Report. Geneva: International Organization for Migration [IOM], Available: https:\/\/publications.iom.int\/books\/world-migration-report-2024"},{"key":"2026012707400643000_11.1.e019704.2","unstructured":"Australian Human Rights Commission . Asylum seekers and refugee. Available: https:\/\/humanrights.gov.au\/our-work\/rights-and-freedoms\/publications\/asylum-seekers-and-refugees#who [Accessed 12 Jun 2025]."},{"key":"2026012707400643000_11.1.e019704.3","unstructured":"WHO . Mapping Health Systems\u2019 Responsiveness to Refugee and Migrant Health Needs. Geneva: Health and Migration Programme [PHM], 2021:60."},{"key":"2026012707400643000_11.1.e019704.4","unstructured":"WHO . WHO Global Action Plan on Promoting the Health of Refugees and Migrants.2019. Available: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/378211\/9789240093928-eng.pdf?sequence=1 [accessed 12 Jun 2025]."},{"key":"2026012707400643000_11.1.e019704.5","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics . Australia\u2019s population by country of birth. 2023. Available: https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/people\/population\/australias-population-country-birth\/latest-release [Accessed 10 Jun 2025]."},{"key":"2026012707400643000_11.1.e019704.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1071\/AH14132","article-title":"Addressing migration-related social and health inequalities in Australia: call for research funding priorities to recognise the needs of migrant populations","volume":"40","author":"Renzaho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aust Health Rev"},{"key":"2026012707400643000_11.1.e019704.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/42719","article-title":"Barriers to and Facilitators of Digital Health Among Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Populations: Qualitative Systematic Review","volume":"25","author":"Whitehead","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"2026012707400643000_11.1.e019704.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnab191","article-title":"A Scoping Review of Aging Experiences Among Culturally and Linguistically Diverse People in Australia: Toward Better Aging Policy and Cultural Well-Being for Migrant and Refugee Adults","volume":"63","author":"Georgeou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"2026012707400643000_11.1.e019704.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2023.101457","article-title":"Nativity in the healthy migrant effect: Evidence from Australia","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"key":"2026012707400643000_11.1.e019704.10","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare . Australia\u2019s Health 2024: In Brief, Catalogue Number AUS 249. AIHW, Australian Government, 2024."},{"key":"2026012707400643000_11.1.e019704.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-020-00363-4","article-title":"Comorbidity and its Impact on Patients with COVID-19","volume":"2","author":"Sanyaolu","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Compr Clin Med"},{"key":"2026012707400643000_11.1.e019704.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13256-z","article-title":"Access to health services among culturally and linguistically diverse populations in the Australian universal health care system: issues and challenges","volume":"22","author":"Khatri","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026012707400643000_11.1.e019704.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2020.04.017","article-title":"Health literacy as a predictor of emergency department visits and self-rated health among Chinese immigrants: findings from an Australian survey","volume":"103","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"2026012707400643000_11.1.e019704.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1080\/10376178.2020.1739543","article-title":"Health screening and preventative health care in refugee women: A qualitative analysis","volume":"56","author":"Babatunde-Sowole","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contemp Nurse"},{"key":"2026012707400643000_11.1.e019704.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12914-019-0206-6","article-title":"A model explaining refugee experiences of the Australian healthcare system: a systematic review of refugee perceptions","volume":"19","author":"Au","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Int Health Hum Rights"},{"key":"2026012707400643000_11.1.e019704.16","article-title":"Call for investing in understanding the health and well-being of South Asian migrants in Australia","volume":"43","author":"Lassi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"2026012707400643000_11.1.e019704.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12965","article-title":"Regional primary health care organisations and migrant and refugee health: the importance of prioritisation, funding, collaboration and engagement","volume":"44","author":"Ziersch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health"},{"key":"2026012707400643000_11.1.e019704.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.05.015"},{"key":"2026012707400643000_11.1.e019704.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.1125","article-title":"Guidance for producing a Campbell evidence and gap map","volume":"16","author":"White","year":"2020","journal-title":"Campbell Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026012707400643000_11.1.e019704.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.185652"},{"key":"2026012707400643000_11.1.e019704.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109019818801500401"},{"key":"2026012707400643000_11.1.e019704.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2008.06.003","article-title":"A culturally appropriate diet and lifestyle intervention can successfully treat the components of metabolic syndrome in female Pakistani immigrants residing in Melbourne, Australia","volume":"57","author":"Kousar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Metab Clin Exp"},{"key":"2026012707400643000_11.1.e019704.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-007-9098-y","article-title":"Health and humanitarian migrants\u2019 economic participation","volume":"12","author":"Khoo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"key":"2026012707400643000_11.1.e019704.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-023-01490-5","article-title":"Mental Health and Wellbeing of Population with Migrant Background in Switzerland - a Scoping Review and Evidence Map of Quantitative Evidence","volume":"25","author":"Gondek","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"key":"2026012707400643000_11.1.e019704.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-023-02178-5","article-title":"Mapping reviews, scoping reviews, and evidence and gap maps (EGMs): the same but different- the \u201cBig Picture\u201d review family","volume":"12","author":"Campbell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Syst Rev"}],"container-title":["BMJ Global Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2025-019704","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T15:40:18Z","timestamp":1769528418000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gh.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2025-019704"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjgh-2025-019704"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2025-019704","relation":{},"ISSN":["2059-7908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2059-7908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}}}