{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:36:49Z","timestamp":1790714209320,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000996","name":"Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australian Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LS\/2019\/116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LS\/2019\/116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000996","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020687","name":"Australian Centre of Research Excellence in Malaria Elimination","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1134989"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1134989"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020687","name":"Australian Centre of Research Excellence in Malaria Elimination","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024622"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1037304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1037304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1042072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1042072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1045156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1045156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017436"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025362"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000974","name":"The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["LS\/2019\/116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LS\/2019\/116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000974","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Glob Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Zoonotic malaria caused by infection with the monkey parasite\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium knowlesi<\/jats:italic>\n                    has emerged across Southeast Asia, particularly in areas previously close to elimination of non-zoonotic malaria. In Indonesia, some rural and remote areas must now consider strategies which target various\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    species in hard-to-reach populations. Indonesia has mostly subsidised care at local health clinics for patients with malaria and other febrile illnesses; however, patients still face out-of-pocket costs. This study estimated household cost of illness due to malaria and non-malarial febrile illness in North Kalimantan and North Sumatra, Indonesia.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Household costs were estimated from individual patients as part of health facility-based cross-sectional surveys in eight health clinics across North Sumatra and North Kalimantan between January 2022 and October 2023. Direct costs due to medical and travel expenses, and indirect costs resulting from productivity losses were included. Overall, 2244\u2009patients were recruited, including 153 (6.8%) malaria-confirmed cases. Five\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    species were identified using validated PCR conducted on all participants:\n                    <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    (n=97),\n                    <jats:italic>P. knowlesi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (n=35),\n                    <jats:italic>P. malariae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (n=12),\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (n=3) and\n                    <jats:italic>P. ovale<\/jats:italic>\n                    (n=1), in addition to five mixed infections. Costs were inflated to 2023 Indonesian Rupiah and reported in US dollars (US$). A mean total cost of US$33 (SD=57) was reported for malaria episodes and US$17 for non-malarial fever episodes (SD=38), primarily composed of indirect productivity losses from time away from usual activities (70% and 61% of total cost for patients with malaria and other febrile illnesses, respectively). Overall, 16% of patients with malaria and 11% of patients with other febrile illnesses experienced catastrophic health expenditure from their illness episode.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Despite a largely subsidised health system, patients and families face other medical, travel and indirect costs when seeking care for febrile illnesses. These costs need consideration when designing malaria control policies, particularly in near-elimination settings, with few malaria cases among broader febrile illness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2025-020504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T14:20:25Z","timestamp":1774534825000},"page":"e020504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The household economic burden of human-only and zoonotic malaria, compared to other causes of acute febrile illness in Indonesia"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1239-1363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Abraham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Policy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inke Nadia Diniyanti","family":"Lubis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia"},{"name":"Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rintis","family":"Novivanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leily","family":"Trianty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahira Ainun","family":"Nisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exeins Health Initiative, South Jakarta, Special Capital Region of Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pinkan","family":"Kariodimedjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exeins Health Initiative, South Jakarta, Special Capital Region of Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ristya","family":"Amalia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exeins Health Initiative, South Jakarta, Special Capital Region of Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raden Andika Dwi","family":"Cahyadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tengku","family":"Mossadeq Al Qorny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yudha Achmad","family":"Perlambang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranti","family":"Permatasari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6029-0623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry","family":"Surendra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia"},{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Epidemiology, Public Health Program, Monash University Indonesia, Tangerang, Indonesia"},{"name":"Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Indonesia, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas M","family":"Anstey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J","family":"Grigg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia"},{"name":"Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3321-8706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Devine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Policy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . World malaria report. World Health Organization; 2024."},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.03.009"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2950-4"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.52225\/narra.v3i3.428","article-title":"Treatment-seeking behavior for malaria among communities in Indonesia: A systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Philothra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Narra J"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/app5.315","article-title":"Addressing hard\u2010to\u2010reach populations for achieving malaria elimination in the Asia Pacific Malaria Elimination Network countries","volume":"8","author":"Wangdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asia & Pacific Policy Stud"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1291-9"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01249-7","article-title":"Malaria","volume":"402","author":"Poespoprodjo","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suwonkerd W , Ritthison W , Ngo CT , et al . Vector biology and malaria transmission in Southeast Asia. anopheles mosquitoes-new insights into malaria vectors: intechopen. 2013.","DOI":"10.5772\/56347"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.9","unstructured":"Indonesian Ministry of Health . Report on the latest situational developments in Indonesia\u2019s malaria control programme. 2018."},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.10","unstructured":"The World Health Organization . Evidence-informed action to eliminate malaria in Indonesia. 2020."},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.11","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Time to look back to plan Indonesia\u2019s malaria-free future. 2023."},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011570","article-title":"Updating estimates of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria risk in response to changing land use patterns across Southeast Asia","volume":"18","author":"Tobin","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajahram GS , Barber BE , William T , et al . Falling Plasmodium knowlesi malaria death rate among adults despite rising incidence. 2010;22. doi:10.3201\/eid2201.151305","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2201.151305"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/605439"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2247-z"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy065"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012180","article-title":"Household costs associated with zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi","volume":"19","author":"Abraham","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004915","article-title":"Estimating Geographical Variation in the Risk of Zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi Infection in Countries Eliminating Malaria","volume":"10","author":"Shearer","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004135","article-title":"Seasonal and Spatial Dynamics of the Primary Vector of Plasmodium knowlesi within a Major Transmission Focus in Sabah, Malaysia","volume":"9","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.47602","article-title":"Local human movement patterns and land use impact exposure to zoonotic malaria in Malaysian Borneo","volume":"8","author":"Fornace","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(17)30031-1","article-title":"Individual-level factors associated with the risk of acquiring human Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in Malaysia: a case-control study","volume":"1","author":"Grigg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04366-5","article-title":"The history and current epidemiology of malaria in Kalimantan, Indonesia","volume":"21","author":"Sugiarto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2022.100389","article-title":"Primate malaria: An emerging challenge of zoonotic malaria in Indonesia","volume":"14","author":"Lempang","year":"2022","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herdiana H , Irnawati I , Coutrier FN , et al . Two clusters of Plasmodium knowlesi cases in a malaria elimination area. 2018;17:1\u201310. doi:10.1186\/s12936-018-2334-1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2334-1"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04335-y","article-title":"The presence of Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium knowlesi in near malaria elimination setting in western Indonesia","volume":"21","author":"Nainggolan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-020-00247-5","article-title":"Malaria elimination in Malaysia and the rising threat of Plasmodium knowlesi","volume":"39","author":"Chin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Physiol Anthropol"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173522","article-title":"A cross-sectional analysis of traditional medicine use for malaria alongside free antimalarial drugs treatment amongst adults in high-risk malaria endemic provinces of Indonesia","volume":"12","author":"Suswardany","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.18.226688"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03268-8"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263178","article-title":"Malaria treatment-seeking behaviour and its associated factors: A cross-sectional study in rural East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia","volume":"17","author":"Guntur","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0680"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.07.015","article-title":"Hidden costs: The direct and indirect impact of user fees on access to malaria treatment and primary care in Mali","volume":"75","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122386","article-title":"Out-of-pocket costs and other determinants of access to healthcare for children with febrile illnesses: a case-control study in rural Tanzania","volume":"10","author":"Castellani","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02711.x","article-title":"Cost of illness due to typhoid fever in five Asian countries","volume":"16","author":"Poulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tropical Med Int Health"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1635-5"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.36","unstructured":"Ministry of Health of The Republic of Indonesia . National action plan for acceleration of malaria elimination 2020-2026. 2023."},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2014.20.4.327"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185315","article-title":"Economic burden of malaria and predictors of cost variability to rural households in south-central Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"Hailu","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trianty L , Amalia R , Noviyanti R . Severe and uncomplicated Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in North Kalimantan and Sabang, Aceh, and suspected anopheles vectors across Kalimantan, indonesia. Infectious Diseases (except HIV\/AIDS) [Preprint]. doi:10.1101\/2025.04.29.25326532","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.04.29.25326532"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.230641","article-title":"A multi-criteria framework for disease surveillance site selection: case study for Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in Indonesia","volume":"11","author":"Harrison","year":"2024","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012129","article-title":"Improved limit of detection for zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi and P. cynomolgi surveillance using reverse transcription for total nucleic acid preserved samples or dried blood spots","volume":"19","author":"Braima","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002015","article-title":"Plasmodium knowlesi: reservoir hosts and tracking the emergence in humans and macaques","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00811-09"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00276-11"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sculpher M , Drummond M . The role and estimation of productivity costs in economic evaluation. Economic Evaluation in Health Care: Merging Theory with Practice 2001;94\u2013112. doi:10.1093\/oso\/9780192631770.003.0005","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192631770.003.0005"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.46","unstructured":"Department of Population and Labour Statistics . Income statistics. 2022."},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.47","unstructured":"Pelayanan Statistik Terpadu . Provincial minimum wage (UMP) and the regency\/municipality minimum wages (UMK) by regency \/ municipality (Rupiahs), 2020-2022. 2022."},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.48","unstructured":"The World Bank . GDP deflator. 2023."},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.49","unstructured":"The World Bank . Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average). 2023."},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.611.115","article-title":"Methodology and Application of the Kruskal-Wallis Test","volume":"611","author":"Ostertagov\u00e1","year":"2014","journal-title":"AMM"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264422","article-title":"Assessing progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3.8.2 and determinants of catastrophic health expenditures in Malaysia","volume":"17","author":"Sayuti","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12962-023-00457-5","article-title":"Overview of the main methods used for estimating catastrophic health expenditure","volume":"21","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cost Eff Resour Alloc"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.53","unstructured":"Johnson PE . GLM with a gamma-distributed dependent variable. 2016."},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12313_2","article-title":"Severe Malaria","volume":"19","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tropical Med Int Health"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/135581969800300410"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.5958\/0976-5506.2018.00122.5","article-title":"Malaria in Open and Closed Communities in Namrole, Buru Selatan District, Maluku Island, Indonesia","volume":"9","author":"Sillehu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind Jour of Publ Health Rese & Develop"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.57","first-page":"761","article-title":"Perilaku Pencairan Pengobatan Penyakit Malaria Pada Masyarakat Kampung Muari Kecamatan Oranbari Kabupaten Manokwari Selatan","volume":"3","author":"Sidik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Window of Public Health Journal"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0093"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20130267"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.08.026","article-title":"Perceptions of incentives offered in a community-based malaria diagnosis and treatment program in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea","volume":"190","author":"Burkot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix091"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04131-8","article-title":"Plasmodium knowlesi: the game changer for malaria eradication","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05375-8","article-title":"Systematic review of Plasmodium knowlesi in Indonesia: a risk of emergence in the context of capital relocation to Borneo?","volume":"15","author":"Bin Said","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.64","unstructured":"United nations development programme . Gender and malaria - making the investment case for programming that addresses the specific vulnerabilities and needs of both males and females who are affected by or at risk of malaria. 2015."},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-009777","article-title":"Incorporating productivity loss in health economic evaluations: a review of guidelines and practices worldwide for research agenda in China","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-024-01402-x","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Methods for Estimating Productivity Losses due to Illness or Caregiving in Low- and Middle-Income Countries","volume":"42","author":"Setiawan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462322000186","article-title":"The development process of economic evaluation guidelines in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Daccache","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Technol Assess Health Care"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/14737167.2021.1881484","article-title":"Productivity loss\/gain in cost-effectiveness analyses for vaccines: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Yuasa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-014-0193-3"},{"key":"2026032607201134000_11.3.e020504.70","unstructured":"Abraham P , Noviyanti R , et al . The household economic burden of human-only and zoonotic malaria, compared to other causes of acute febrile illness in Indonesia. n.d. Available: https:\/\/github.com\/PatrickAbraham1\/ZooMAL-Costing"}],"container-title":["BMJ Global Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2025-020504","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T14:20:36Z","timestamp":1774534836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gh.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2025-020504"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjgh-2025-020504"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2025-020504","relation":{},"ISSN":["2059-7908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2059-7908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}}}