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Nevertheless, there has been limited research exploring lifelong brain health outcomes following IPV with TBI. To address this, we investigated the relationship between IPV, TBI and midlife mental health outcomes within an observational cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PREVENT Dementia is a cohort study with participants recruited aged 40\u201359 years for longitudinal measures of brain health. Participants reporting histories of IPV-related physical abuse (IPV-PA) at study recruitment were identified and compared with control participants with no IPV-PA exposure regarding histories of TBI and prevalence of lifetime and ongoing mental health outcomes using standardised assessments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 632 participants, 90 (14%) reported IPV-PA history. Compared with unexposed participants, history of IPV-PA was associated with higher TBI exposure, together with higher lifetime and ongoing diagnoses of depression, anxiety and sleep disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomology. Notably, the risk of ongoing and concurrent midlife mental health disorders remained despite IPV-PA exposure having ceased on average 27 years before assessment. History of TBI in individuals with IPV was associated with increased risk of ongoing PTSD symptomology and concurrent mental health outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our data confirm high TBI exposure among individuals with a history of IPV-PA, while also demonstrating that this population shows higher rates of ongoing adverse mental health outcomes in midlife, often decades after abuse. This work underlines the prevalence of IPV-PA and the necessity to consider TBI exposure and long-term brain health outcomes among this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjment-2024-301439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T15:20:19Z","timestamp":1749482419000},"page":"e301439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Intimate partner violence, traumatic brain injury and long-term mental health outcomes in midlife: the Drake IPV study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Natalie D","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig W","family":"Ritchie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Ritchie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INM Institut de Neurosciences de Montpellier, Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graciela Muniz","family":"Terrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2199-2582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"},{"name":"Department of Neuropathology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010702311675000_28.1.e301439.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00064-X"},{"key":"2026010702311675000_28.1.e301439.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.03.005","article-title":"Mental and physical health comorbidities in traumatic brain injury: a non-TBI controls comparison","volume":"105","author":"Ayton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2026010702311675000_28.1.e301439.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4252"},{"key":"2026010702311675000_28.1.e301439.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00853-8"},{"key":"2026010702311675000_28.1.e301439.5","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Violence against women prevalence estimates, 2018: global, regional and national prevalence estimates for intimate partner violence against women and global and regional prevalence estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women. World Health Organization; 2021. Available: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/341337"},{"key":"2026010702311675000_28.1.e301439.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-020-00417-0","article-title":"A global collaboration to study intimate partner violence-related head trauma: The ENIGMA consortium IPV working group","volume":"15","author":"Esopenko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"2026010702311675000_28.1.e301439.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838013496333"},{"key":"2026010702311675000_28.1.e301439.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/fch.0000000000000094"},{"key":"2026010702311675000_28.1.e301439.9","unstructured":"World Health Organisation . WHO multi-country study on women\u2019s health and domestic violence against women: summary report of initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women\u2019s responses. Geneva; 2005. 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