{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T04:33:47Z","timestamp":1786941227656,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and marijuana use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988\u20131994) conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study included participants of the NHANES III, a nationally representative sample of the US population. The total analytic sample was 10\u2008896 adults. The study included four groups (n=10\u2008896): non-marijuana users (61.0%), past marijuana users (30.7%), light (one to four times\/month) (5.0%) and heavy (more than five times\/month) current marijuana users (3.3%). DM was defined based on self-report or abnormal glycaemic parameters. We analysed data related to demographics, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol use, total serum cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D, plasma haemoglobin A1c, fasting plasma glucose level and the serum levels of C reactive protein and four additional inflammatory markers as related to marijuana use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>OR for DM associated with marijuana use adjusted for potential confounding variables (ie, odds of DM in marijuana users compared with non-marijuana users).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Marijuana users had a lower age-adjusted prevalence of DM compared to non-marijuana users (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.55; p&lt;0.0001). The prevalence of elevated C reactive protein (&gt;0.5\u2005mg\/dl) was significantly higher (p&lt;0.0001) among non-marijuana users (18.9%) than among past (12.7%) or current light (15.8%) or heavy (9.2%) users. In a robust multivariate model controlling for socio-demographic factors, laboratory values and comorbidity, the lower odds of DM among marijuana users was significant (adjusted OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.55; p&lt;0.0001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Marijuana use was independently associated with a lower prevalence of DM. Further studies are needed to show a direct effect of marijuana on DM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,25]],"date-time":"2012-02-25T04:48:44Z","timestamp":1330145324000},"page":"e000494","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":122,"title":["Decreased prevalence of diabetes in marijuana users: cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Tripathi B","family":"Rajavashisth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magda","family":"Shaheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith C","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deyu","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satyesh K","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodore C","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051503172033000_2.1.e000494.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1136"},{"key":"2024051503172033000_2.1.e000494.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.3.693","article-title":"Inflammatory markers and risk of developing type 2 diabetes in women","volume":"53","author":"Hu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2024051503172033000_2.1.e000494.3","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2006 National Survey On Drug Use and Health: National Findings, NSDUH Series H-32 (DHHS Publication No. SMA 07\u20134293). Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2007. http:\/\/www.oas.samhsa.gov\/nsduh\/2k7nsduh\/2k7Results.pdf (accessed 18 Aug 2009)."},{"key":"2024051503172033000_2.1.e000494.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/156800705774933023"},{"key":"2024051503172033000_2.1.e000494.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1470919"},{"key":"2024051503172033000_2.1.e000494.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.178.2.107"},{"key":"2024051503172033000_2.1.e000494.7","first-page":"596","article-title":"Health care use by frequent marijuana smokers who do not smoke tobacco","volume":"158","author":"Polen","year":"1993","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"key":"2024051503172033000_2.1.e000494.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.03.024"},{"key":"2024051503172033000_2.1.e000494.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2000114"},{"key":"2024051503172033000_2.1.e000494.10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Plan and operation of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-94. Series 1: programs and collection procedures","volume":"32","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat 1"},{"key":"2024051503172033000_2.1.e000494.11","unstructured":"Gunter EW Lewis BG Koncikowski SM . Laboratory Procedures Used for the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994. 1996. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhanes\/nhanes3\/cdrom\/nchs\/manuals\/labman.pdf (accessed 18 Aug 2009)."},{"key":"2024051503172033000_2.1.e000494.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.12.2960"},{"key":"2024051503172033000_2.1.e000494.13","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics. Analytic and Reporting Guidelines: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES III (1988-94). Hyattsville, MD: US Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, 1996. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhanes\/nhanes3\/nh3gui.pdf (accessed 13 Aug 2009)."},{"key":"2024051503172033000_2.1.e000494.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.3.279"},{"key":"2024051503172033000_2.1.e000494.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010492"},{"key":"2024051503172033000_2.1.e000494.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2788"},{"key":"2024051503172033000_2.1.e000494.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr200"},{"key":"2024051503172033000_2.1.e000494.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2004.12.024"},{"key":"2024051503172033000_2.1.e000494.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03389"},{"key":"2024051503172033000_2.1.e000494.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00236.2007"},{"key":"2024051503172033000_2.1.e000494.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930500356674"},{"key":"2024051503172033000_2.1.e000494.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2007.06.029"},{"key":"2024051503172033000_2.1.e000494.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1029"},{"key":"2024051503172033000_2.1.e000494.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69571-8"},{"key":"2024051503172033000_2.1.e000494.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707133"},{"key":"2024051503172033000_2.1.e000494.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200207001-00009"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2024051503172033000_2.1.e000494.27","first-page":"iii","article-title":"Self-report and biochemical measures of alcohol consumption","volume":"98","author":"Litten","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000494","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T13:34:22Z","timestamp":1715780062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000494"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000494"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000494","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}}}