{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:02:49Z","timestamp":1790665369581,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Knowledge regarding characteristics and transmission of\n                      <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Mycoplasma genitalium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and antibiotic resistance in\n                      <jats:italic>N gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa, is entirely lacking.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To characterise\n                      <jats:italic>N gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>C trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>M genitalium<\/jats:italic>\n                      samples from Guinea-Bissau and to define bacterial populations, possible transmission chains and for\n                      <jats:italic>N gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      spread of antibiotic-resistant isolates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two sexual health and family planning clinics, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Positive samples from 711 women and 27 men.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Positive samples for\n                      <jats:italic>N gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (n=31),\n                      <jats:italic>C trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (n=60) and\n                      <jats:italic>M genitalium<\/jats:italic>\n                      (n=30) were examined. The gonococcal isolates were characterised with antibiograms, serovar determination and\n                      <jats:italic>N gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST). The\n                      <jats:italic>C trachomatis ompA<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene and the\n                      <jats:italic>M genitalium mgpB<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene were sequenced, and phylogenetic analyses were performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      For\n                      <jats:italic>N gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the levels of resistance (intermediate susceptibility) to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, rifampicin, ampicillin, tetracycline, penicillin G and cefuroxime were 10% (0%), 6% (10%), 13% (10%), 68% (0%), 74% (0%), 68% (16%) and 0% (84%), respectively. All isolates were susceptible to cefixime, ceftriaxone, spectinomycin and azithromycin, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations of kanamycin (range: 8\u201332\u2005mg\/l) and gentamicin (range: 0.75\u20136\u2005mg\/l) were low (no resistance breakpoints exist for these antimicrobials). 19 NG-MAST sequence types (STs) (84% novel STs) were identified. Phylogenetic analysis of the\n                      <jats:italic>C trachomatis ompA<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene revealed genovar G as most prevalent (37%), followed by genovar D (19%). 23\n                      <jats:italic>mgpB<\/jats:italic>\n                      STs were found among the\n                      <jats:italic>M genitalium<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates, and 67% of isolates had unique STs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The diversity among the sexually transmitted infection (STI) pathogens may be associated with suboptimal diagnostics, contact tracing, case reporting and epidemiological surveillance. In Guinea-Bissau, additional STI studies are vital to estimate the STI burden and form the basis for a national sexual health strategy for prevention, diagnosis and surveillance of STIs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,22]],"date-time":"2012-03-22T14:03:40Z","timestamp":1332425020000},"page":"e000636","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Phenotypic and genetic characterisation of bacterial sexually transmitted infections in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, West Africa: a prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Birgitta","family":"Olsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredrik","family":"M\u00e5nsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cidia","family":"Camara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ansu","family":"Biai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f6ren","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Norrgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Unemo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.1","unstructured":"UNDP. United Nations Development Programme Human Development Report 2010: The Real Wealth of Nations: Pathways to Human Development. New York: United Nations Development Programme, 2010:146."},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2010.009584"},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181812d15"},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(01)00182-6"},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.78.4.289"},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.10.3741-3749.2002"},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp098"},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.11.3915-3919.2001"},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00003-06"},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2004.apm11211-1205.x"},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200304000-00016"},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00574-06"},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46262-0"},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02076-06"},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.016717-0"},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181fc6944","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis genotypes among men who have sex with men in Australia","volume":"38","author":"Twin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-63"},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.64.143","article-title":"Prevalence of anorectal Chlamydia trachomatis infection and its genotype distribution among men who have sex with men in Shenzhen, China","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.028076-0"},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01764.x"},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.21","unstructured":"Unemo M Olc\u00e9n P Johansson E . Neisseria gonorrhoeae 2009. Annual Report Regarding Serological Characterization and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Swedish Neisseria gonorrhoeae Strains. \u00d6rebro, Sweden: National Reference Laboratory for Pathogenic Neisseria, 2010."},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02071.x"},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0255-0857(21)02110-1","article-title":"Epidemiological analysis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, auxotyping and serotyping","volume":"25","author":"Khaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181982e3c"},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181bf575c"},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31818318d8"},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.09.63"},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00325-11"},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2007.029611"},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00155-11"},{"key":"2025121515055623000_2.2.e000636.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2008.00526.x"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000636","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T23:06:06Z","timestamp":1765839966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000636"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000636"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000636","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}}}